Black
| caption = Clockwise, from top left: Anubis statue; American black bear; Galaxy NGC 406; The Supreme Court of the United States in October 2022; Portrait painting of Queen Victoria. |hex = 000000 |spelling = Color |source = HTML/CSS |cmyk=(0, 0, 0, 100)}}Black is a color that results from the absence or complete absorption of visible light. It is an achromatic color, without hue, like white and grey. It is often used symbolically or figuratively to represent darkness. Black and white have often been used to describe opposites such as good and evil, the Dark Ages versus Age of Enlightenment, and night versus day. Since the Middle Ages, black has been the symbolic color of solemnity and authority, and for this reason it is still commonly worn by judges and magistrates.
Black was one of the first colors used by artists in Neolithic cave paintings. It was used in ancient Egypt and Greece as the color of the underworld. In the Roman Empire, it became the color of mourning, and over the centuries it was frequently associated with death, evil, witches, and magic. In the 14th century, it was worn by royalty, clergy, judges, and government officials in much of Europe. It became the color worn by English romantic poets, businessmen and statesmen in the 19th century, and a high fashion color in the 20th century. According to surveys in Europe and North America, it is the color most commonly associated with mourning, the end, secrets, magic, force, violence, fear, evil, and elegance.
Black is the most common ink color used for printing books, newspapers and documents, as it provides the highest contrast with white paper and thus is the easiest color to read. Similarly, black text on a white screen is the most common format used on computer screens. the darkest material is made by MIT engineers from vertically aligned carbon nanotubes.
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1461by Wade, Paul R., Burkanov, Vladimir N., Dahlheim, Marilyn E., Friday, Nancy A., Fritz, Lowell W., Loughlin, Thomas R., Mizroch, Sally A., Muto, Marcia M., Rice, Dale W., Barrett-Leonard, Lance G., Black, Nancy, Burdin, Alexander, Calambokidis, John, Cerchio, Sal, Ford, John K. B., Jacobsen, Jeff, Matkin, Craig, Matkin, Dena, Mehta, Amee, Small, Robert, Straley, Janice, McCluskey, Shannon, VanBlaricomm, Glenn, Clapham, P JGet access
Published 2007
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1462by Anand, Sonia S., Tu, Jack V., Awadalla, Philip, Black, Sandra, Boileau, Catherine, Busseuil, David, Desai, Dipika, Després, Jean-Pierre, De Souza, Russell J., Dummer, Trevor J. B., Jacquemont, Sébastien, Knoppers, Bartha, Larose, Eric, Lear, Scott A., Marcotte, Francois, Moody, Alan R., Parker, Louise, Poirier, Paul, Robson, Paula J., Smith, Eric E., Spinelli, John J., Tardif, Jean-Claude, Teo, Koon K., Tusevljak, Natasa, Friedrich, Matthias G.Get access
Published 2018
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1463by Daniau, A. -L., Bartlein, P. J., Harrison, S. P., Prentice, I. C., Brewer, S., Friedlingstein, P., Harrison-Prentice, T. I., Inoue, J., Izumi, K., Marlon, J. R., Mooney, S., Power, M. J., Stevenson, J., Tinner, W., Andric, M., Atanassova, J., Behling, H., Black, M., Blarquez, O., Brown, K. J., Carcaillet, C., Colhoun, E. A., Colombaroli, D., Davis, B. A. S., D'Costa, D., Dodson, J., Dupont, L., Eshetu, Z., Gavin, D. G., Genries, A., Haberle, S.Get access
Published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles (2012)
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1464by DeBeer, Chris M., Wheater, Howard S., Pomeroy, John W., Barr, Alan G., Baltzer, Jennifer L., Johnstone, Jill F., Turetsky, Merritt R., Stewart, Ronald E., Hayashi, Masaki, Kamp, Garth, Marshall, Shawn, Campbell, Elizabeth, Marsh, Philip, Carey, Sean K., Quinton, William L., Li, Yanping, Razavi, Saman, Berg, Aaron, McDonnell, Jeffrey J., Spence, Christopher, Helgason, Warren D., Ireson, Andrew M., Black, T. Andrew, Davison, Bruce, Howard, Allan, Thériault, Julie M., Shook, Kevin, Pietroniro, AlainGet access
Published 2020
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1465by Anthony, Kenneth RN, Marshall, Paul A, Abdulla, Ameer, Beeden, Roger, Bergh, Chris, Black, Ryan, Eakin, C Mark, Game, Edward T, Gooch, Margaret, Graham, Nicholas AJ, Green, Alison, Heron, Scott F, van Hooidonk, Ruben, Knowland, Cheryl, Mangubhai, Sangeeta, Marshall, Nadine, Maynard, Jeffrey A, McGinnity, Peter, McLeod, Elizabeth, Mumby, Peter J, Nyström, Magnus, Obura, David, Oliver, Jamie, Possingham, Hugh P, Pressey, Robert L, Rowlands, Gwilym P, Tamelander, Jerker, Wachenfeld, David, Wear, StephanieGet access
Published in Global Change Biology (2015)
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1466by Wade, Paul R., Burkanov, Vladimir N., Dahlheim, Marilyn E., Friday, Nancy A., Fritz, Lowell W., Loughlin, Thomas R., Mizroch, Sally A., Muto, Marcia M., Rice, Dale W., Barrett-Lennard, Lance G., Black, Nancy A., Burdin, Alexander M., Calambokidis, John, Cerchio, Salvatore, Ford, John K. B., Jacobsen, Jeff K., Matkin, Craig O., Matkin, Dena R., Mehta, Amee V., Small, Robert J., Straley, Janice M., McCluskey, Shannon M., VanBlaricom, Glenn R.Get access
Published in Marine Mammal Science (2007)
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1467by Ken Anthony, Paul Marshall, Ameer Abdulla, Roger Beeden, Chris Bergh, Ryan A. Black, C. Mark Eakin, Edward T. Game, Margaret Gooch, Nicholas A. J. Graham, Alison Green, Scott F. Heron, Ruben van Hooidonk, Cheryl A. Knowland, Sangeeta Mangubhai, Nadine Marshall, Jeffrey Maynard, Peter McGinnity, Elizabeth McLeod, Peter J. Mumby, Magnus Nyström, David Obura, Jamie Oliver, Hugh P. Possingham, Robert L. Pressey, Gwilym Rowlands, Jerker Tamelander, David Wachenfeld, Stephanie L. WearGet access
Published 2014
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1468by Thiede, Jorn, Myhre, Annik M., Firth, John V., Ahagon, Naokazu, Black, Kevin S., Bloemendal, Jan, Brass, Garrett W., Bristow, James F., Chow, Nancy, Cremer, Michel, Davis, Linda, Flower, Benjamin, Fronval, Torben, Hood, Julie, Hull, Donna, Koc, Nalah, Larsen, Birger, Lyle, Mitchell W., McManus, Jerry, O'Connell, Suzanne, Osterman, Lisa Ellen, Rack, Frank R., Sato, Tokiyuki, Scherer, Reed P., Spiegler, Dorothee, Stein, Ruediger, Thdross, Mark, Wells, Stephen, Williamson, David, Witte, Bill, Wolf-Welling, ThomasGet access
Published 2020
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1469by Thiede, Jorn, Myhre, Annik M., Firth, John V., Ahagon, Naokazu, Black, Kevin S., Bloemendal, Jan, Brass, Garrett W., Bristow, James F., Chow, Nancy, Cremer, Michel, Davis, Linda, Flower, Benjamin, Fronval, Torben, Hood, Julie, Hull, Donna, Koc, Nalah, Larsen, Birger, Lyle, Mitchell W., McManus, Jerry, O'Connell, Suzanne, Osterman, Lisa Ellen, Rack, Frank R., Sato, Tokiyuki, Scherer, Reed P., Spiegler, Dorothee, Stein, Ruediger, Thdross, Mark, Wells, Stephen, Williamson, David, Witte, Bill, Wolf-Welling, ThomasGet access
Published 2020
Other/Unknown Material -
1470by Thiede, Jorn, Myhre, Annik M., Firth, John V., Ahagon, Naokazu, Black, Kevin S., Bloemendal, Jan, Brass, Garrett W., Bristow, James F., Chow, Nancy, Cremer, Michel, Davis, Linda, Flower, Benjamin, Fronval, Torben, Hood, Julie, Hull, Donna, Koc, Nalah, Larsen, Birger, Lyle, Mitchell W., McManus, Jerry, O'Connell, Suzanne, Osterman, Lisa Ellen, Rack, Frank R., Sato, Tokiyuki, Scherer, Reed P., Spiegler, Dorothee, Stein, Ruediger, Thdross, Mark, Wells, Stephen, Williamson, David, Witte, Bill, Wolf-Welling, ThomasGet access
Published 2020
Other/Unknown Material -
1471by Thiede, Jorn, Myhre, Annik M., Firth, John V., Ahagon, Naokazu, Black, Kevin S., Bloemendal, Jan, Brass, Garrett W., Bristow, James F., Chow, Nancy, Cremer, Michel, Davis, Linda, Flower, Benjamin, Fronval, Torben, Hood, Julie, Hull, Donna, Koc, Nalah, Larsen, Birger, Lyle, Mitchell W., McManus, Jerry, O'Connell, Suzanne, Osterman, Lisa Ellen, Rack, Frank R., Sato, Tokiyuki, Scherer, Reed P., Spiegler, Dorothee, Stein, Ruediger, Thdross, Mark, Wells, Stephen, Williamson, David, Witte, Bill, Wolf-Welling, ThomasGet access
Published 2020
Other/Unknown Material -
1472by Thiede, Jorn, Myhre, Annik M., Firth, John V., Ahagon, Naokazu, Black, Kevin S., Bloemendal, Jan, Brass, Garrett W., Bristow, James F., Chow, Nancy, Cremer, Michel, Davis, Linda, Flower, Benjamin, Fronval, Torben, Hood, Julie, Hull, Donna, Koc, Nalah, Larsen, Birger, Lyle, Mitchell W., McManus, Jerry, O'Connell, Suzanne, Osterman, Lisa Ellen, Rack, Frank R., Sato, Tokiyuki, Scherer, Reed P., Spiegler, Dorothee, Stein, Ruediger, Thdross, Mark, Wells, Stephen, Williamson, David, Witte, Bill, Wolf-Welling, ThomasGet access
Published 2020
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1473by Rozanova, Marya, Petrov, Andrey N., Korkina Williams, Varvara, Absalonsen, Joanna, Alty, Rebecca, Arnfjord, Steven, Apok, Charlene, Biscaye, Elisabeth, Black, Jessica, Carothers, Courtney, Chapman, Yolande, Fusco, Sara, Gaini, Firouz, Hayfield, Erika A., Joona, Tanja, Karlsdóttir, Anna, Kimmel, Mara, Larocque, Bridget, Lempiäinen, Kirsti, Logadottir, Halla, Mack, Liza, Michaels, Samantha, Mills, Suzanne, Naskali, Päivi, Nielsen, Søren Stach, Olsvig, Ivalo, Osipova, Maria, Poturaeva, Aleksandra, Povoroznyuk, Olga, Quintal Marineau, Magalie, Vinokurova, Lilia, Zamyatina, Nadezhda, Zanotti, Laura, Þrastardóttir, BergljótGet access
Published 2021
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Book Part -
1474by Wade, Paul R., Burkanov, Vladimir N., Dahlheim, Marilyn E., Friday, Nancy A., Fritz, Lowell W., Loughlin, Thomas R., Mizroch, Sally A., Muto, Marcia M., Rice, Dale W., Barrett‐Lennard, Lance G., Black, Nancy A., Burdin, Alexander M., Calambokidis, John, Cerchio, Sal, Ford, John K. B., Jacobsen, Jeff K., Matkin, Craig O., Matkin, Dena R., Mehta, Amee V., Small, Robert J., Straley, Janice M., McCluskey, Shannon M., VanBlaricom, Glenn R., Clapham, Phillip J.Get access
Published in Marine Mammal Science (2007)
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Article in Journal/Newspaper -
1475by Anthony, Kenneth R. N., Marshall, Paul A., Abdulla, Ameer, Beeden, Roger, Bergh, Chris, Black, Ryan, Eakin, C. Mark, Game, Edward T., Gooch, Margaret, Graham, Nicholas A. J., Green, Alison, Heron, Scott F., van Hooidonk, Ruben, Knowland, Cheryl, Mangubhai, Sangeeta, Marshall, Nadine, Maynard, Jeffrey A., McGinnity, Peter, Mcleod, Elizabeth, Mumby, Peter J., Nystrom, Magnus, Obura, David, Oliver, Jamie, Possingham, Hugh P., Pressey, Robert L., Rowlands, Gwilym P., Tamelander, Jerker, Wachenfeld, David, Wear, StephanieGet access
Published in Global Change Biology (2015)
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
1476by Thiede, Jorn, Myhre, Annik M., Firth, John V., Ahagon, Naokazu, Black, Kevin S., Bloemendal, Jan, Brass, Garrett W., Bristow, James F., Chow, Nancy, Cremer, Michel, Davis, Linda, Flower, Benjamin, Fronval, Torben, Hood, Julie, Hull, Donna, Koc, Nalah, Larsen, Birger, Lyle, Mitchell W., McManus, Jerry, O'Connell, Suzanne, Osterman, Lisa Ellen, Rack, Frank R., Sato, Tokiyuki, Scherer, Reed P., Spiegler, Dorothee, Stein, Ruediger, Thdross, Mark, Wells, Stephen, Williamson, David, Witte, Bill, Wolf-Welling, ThomasGet access
Published 2020
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Dataset -
1477by Thiede, Jorn, Myhre, Annik M., Firth, John V., Ahagon, Naokazu, Black, Kevin S., Bloemendal, Jan, Brass, Garrett W., Bristow, James F., Chow, Nancy, Cremer, Michel, Davis, Linda, Flower, Benjamin, Fronval, Torben, Hood, Julie, Hull, Donna, Koc, Nalah, Larsen, Birger, Lyle, Mitchell W., McManus, Jerry, O'Connell, Suzanne, Osterman, Lisa Ellen, Rack, Frank R., Sato, Tokiyuki, Scherer, Reed P., Spiegler, Dorothee, Stein, Ruediger, Thdross, Mark, Wells, Stephen, Williamson, David, Witte, Bill, Wolf-Welling, ThomasGet access
Published 2020
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Dataset -
1478by Thiede, Jorn, Myhre, Annik M., Firth, John V., Ahagon, Naokazu, Black, Kevin S., Bloemendal, Jan, Brass, Garrett W., Bristow, James F., Chow, Nancy, Cremer, Michel, Davis, Linda, Flower, Benjamin, Fronval, Torben, Hood, Julie, Hull, Donna, Koc, Nalah, Larsen, Birger, Lyle, Mitchell W., McManus, Jerry, O'Connell, Suzanne, Osterman, Lisa Ellen, Rack, Frank R., Sato, Tokiyuki, Scherer, Reed P., Spiegler, Dorothee, Stein, Ruediger, Thdross, Mark, Wells, Stephen, Williamson, David, Witte, Bill, Wolf-Welling, ThomasGet access
Published 2020
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Dataset -
1479by Thiede, Jorn, Myhre, Annik M., Firth, John V., Ahagon, Naokazu, Black, Kevin S., Bloemendal, Jan, Brass, Garrett W., Bristow, James F., Chow, Nancy, Cremer, Michel, Davis, Linda, Flower, Benjamin, Fronval, Torben, Hood, Julie, Hull, Donna, Koc, Nalah, Larsen, Birger, Lyle, Mitchell W., McManus, Jerry, O'Connell, Suzanne, Osterman, Lisa Ellen, Rack, Frank R., Sato, Tokiyuki, Scherer, Reed P., Spiegler, Dorothee, Stein, Ruediger, Thdross, Mark, Wells, Stephen, Williamson, David, Witte, Bill, Wolf-Welling, ThomasGet access
Published 2020
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Dataset -
1480by Thiede, Jorn, Myhre, Annik M., Firth, John V., Ahagon, Naokazu, Black, Kevin S., Bloemendal, Jan, Brass, Garrett W., Bristow, James F., Chow, Nancy, Cremer, Michel, Davis, Linda, Flower, Benjamin, Fronval, Torben, Hood, Julie, Hull, Donna, Koc, Nalah, Larsen, Birger, Lyle, Mitchell W., McManus, Jerry, O'Connell, Suzanne, Osterman, Lisa Ellen, Rack, Frank R., Sato, Tokiyuki, Scherer, Reed P., Spiegler, Dorothee, Stein, Ruediger, Thdross, Mark, Wells, Stephen, Williamson, David, Witte, Bill, Wolf-Welling, ThomasGet access
Published 2020
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Dataset