Black
| caption = Clockwise, from top left: Anubis statue; American black bear; Galaxy NGC 406; The Supreme Court of the United States in October 2022; Portrait painting of Queen Victoria. |hex = 000000 |spelling = Color |source = HTML/CSS |cmyk=(0, 0, 0, 100)}}Black is a color that results from the absence or complete absorption of visible light. It is an achromatic color, without hue, like white and grey. It is often used symbolically or figuratively to represent darkness. Black and white have often been used to describe opposites such as good and evil, the Dark Ages versus Age of Enlightenment, and night versus day. Since the Middle Ages, black has been the symbolic color of solemnity and authority, and for this reason it is still commonly worn by judges and magistrates.
Black was one of the first colors used by artists in Neolithic cave paintings. It was used in ancient Egypt and Greece as the color of the underworld. In the Roman Empire, it became the color of mourning, and over the centuries it was frequently associated with death, evil, witches, and magic. In the 14th century, it was worn by royalty, clergy, judges, and government officials in much of Europe. It became the color worn by English romantic poets, businessmen and statesmen in the 19th century, and a high fashion color in the 20th century. According to surveys in Europe and North America, it is the color most commonly associated with mourning, the end, secrets, magic, force, violence, fear, evil, and elegance.
Black is the most common ink color used for printing books, newspapers and documents, as it provides the highest contrast with white paper and thus is the easiest color to read. Similarly, black text on a white screen is the most common format used on computer screens. the darkest material is made by MIT engineers from vertically aligned carbon nanotubes.
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1441by WANG T., CIAIS P., PIAO S. L., OTTLE C., BRENDER P., MAIGNAN F., ARAIN A., CESCATTI Alessandro, GIANELLE D., GOUGH ., GU L., LAFLEUR P., LAURILA T., MARCOLLA B., MARGOLIS H., MONTAGNANI L., MOORS E., SAIGUSA N., VESALA T, WOHLFAHRT G., KOVEN C., BLACK A., DELLWIK E., DON A, HOLLINGER D., KNOHL A., MONSON K. R., MUNGER J., SUYKER A., VARLAGIN A., VERMA S.Get access
Published in Biogeosciences (2011)
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1442by Kasurinen, Ville, Alfredsen, Knut, Kolari, Pasi, Mammarella, Ivan, Alekseychik, Pavel, Rinne, Janne, Vesala, Timo, Bernier, Pierre, Boike, Julia, Langer, Moritz, Belelli Marchesini, Luca, van Huissteden, Ko, Dolman, Han, Sachs, Torsten, Ohta, Takeshi, Varlagin, Andrej, Rocha, Adrian, Arain, Altaf, Oechel, Walter, Lund, Magnus, Grelle, Achim, Lindroth, Anders, Black, Andy, Aurela, Mika, Laurila, Tuomas, Lohila, Annalea, Berninger, FrankGet access
Published in Global Change Biology (2014)
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1443by Wang, T., Ciais, P., Piao, S. L., Ottlé, C., Brender, P., Maignan, F., Arain, A., Cescatti, A., Gianelle, D., Gough, C., Gu, L., Lafleur, P., Laurila, T., Marcolla, B., Margolis, H., Montagnani, L., Moors, E., Saigusa, N., Vesala, T., Wohlfahrt, G., Koven, C., Black, A., Dellwik, E., Don, A., Hollinger, D., Knohl, A., Monson, R., Munger, J., Suyker, A., Varlagin, A., Verma, S.Get access
Published in Biogeosciences (2011)
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1444by Kasurinen, Ville, Alfredsen, Knut, Kolari, Pasi, Mammarella, Ivan, Alekseychik, Pavel, Rinne, Janne, Vesala, Timo, Bernier, Pierre, Boike, Julia, Langer, Moritz, Marchesini, Luca Belelli, Van Huissteden, Ko, Dolman, Han, Sachs, Torsten, Ohta, Takeshi, Varlagin, Andrej, Rocha, Adrian, Arain, Altaf, Oechel, Walter, Lund, Magnus, Grelle, Achim, Lindroth, Anders, Black, Andy, Aurela, Mika, Laurila, Tuomas, Lohila, Annalea, Berninger, FrankGet access
Published in Global Change Biology (2014)
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1445by Wang, T., Ciais, P., Piao, S. L., Ottlé, C., Brender, P., Maignan, F., Arain, A., Cescatti, A., Gianelle, D., Gough, C., Gu, L., Lafleur, P., Laurila, T., Marcolla, B., Margolis, H., Montagnani, L., Moors, E., Saigusa, N., Vesala, T., Wohlfahrt, G., Koven, C., Black, A., Dellwik, E., Don, A., Hollinger, D., Knohl, A., Monson, R., Munger, J., Suyker, A., Varlagin, A., Verma, S.Get access
Published in Biogeosciences (2011)
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1446by T. Wang, P. Ciais, S. L. Piao, C. Ottlé, P. Brender, F. Maignan, A. Arain, A. Cescatti, D. Gianelle, C. Gough, L. Gu, P. Lafleur, T. Laurila, B. Marcolla, H. Margolis, L. Montagnani, E. Moors, N. Saigusa, T. Vesala, G. Wohlfahrt, C. Koven, A. Black, E. Dellwik, A. Don, D. Hollinger, A. Knohl, R. Monson, J. Munger, A. Suyker, A. Varlagin, S. VermaGet access
Published in Biogeosciences (2011)
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1447by Wang, T., Ciais, P., Piao, S. L., Ottlé, C., Brender, P., Maignan, F., Arain, A., Cescatti, A., Gianelle, D., Gough, C., Gu, L., Lafleur, P., Laurila, T., Marcolla, B., Margolis, H., Montagnani, L., Moors, E., Saigusa, N., Vesala, T., Wohlfahrt, G., Koven, C., Black, A., Dellwik, E., Don, A., Hollinger, D., Knohl, A., Monson, R., Munger, J., Suyker, A., Varlagin, A., Verma, S.Get access
Published in Biogeosciences (2018)
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1448by Wang, T., Ciais, P., Piao, S. L., Ottle, C., Brender, P., Maignan, F., Arain, A., Cescatti, A., Gianelle, D., Gough, C., Gu, L., Lafleur, P., Laurila, T., Marcolla, B., Margolis, H., Montagnani, L., Moors, E., Saigusa, N., Vesala, T., Wohlfahrt, G., Koven, C., Black, A., Dellwik, E., Don, A., Hollinger, D., Knohl, A., Monson, R., Munger, J., Suyker, A., Varlagin, A., Verma, S.Get access
Published in Biogeosciences (2011)
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1449by Calvo, N., Cagnazzo, C., Davini, Paolo, Marsh, D.R., Gray, L., Watanabe, S., Lee, Y.-Y., Son, S.-W, Charlton-Perez, A., McDaniel, B.A., Black, R.X., Giorgetta, M., Zappa, G., Scaife, A.A., Christiansen, B., Baldwin, M.P., Karpechko, A.Yu., Hardiman, S.C., Shindell, Drew Todd, Anstey, J., Gerber, E., Shindell, Drew, Manzini, E., Purich, A.Get access
Published 2014
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1450by Wang, T., Ciais, P., Piao, S. L., Ottlé, C., Brender, P., Maignan, F., Arain, A., Cescatti, A., Gianelle, D., Gough, C., Gu, L., Lafleur, P., Laurila, T., Marcolla, B., Margolis, H., Montagnani, L., Moors, E., Saigusa, N., Vesala, T., Wohlfahrt, G., Koven, C., Black, A., Dellwik, E., Don, A., Hollinger, D., Knohl, A., Monson, R., Munger, J., Suyker, A., Varlagin, A., Verma, S.Get access
Published 2011
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1451by Wang, T., Ciais, P., Piao, S. L., Ottlé, C., Brender, P., Maignan, F., Arain, A., Cescatti, A., Gianelle, D., Gough, C., Gu, L., Lafleur, P., Laurila, T., Marcolla, B., Margolis, H., Montagnani, L., Moors, E., Saigusa, N., Vesala, T., Wohlfahrt, G., Koven, C., Black, A., Dellwik, E., Don, A., Hollinger, D., Knohl, A., Monson, R., Munger, J., Suyker, A., Varlagin, A., Verma, S.Get access
Published 2011
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1452by Wang, T., Ciais, P., Piao, S. L., Ottlé, C., Brender, P., Maignan, F., Arain, A., Cescatti, A., Gianelle, D., Gough, C., Gu, L., Lafleur, P., Laurila, T., Marcolla, B., Margolis, H., Montagnani, L., Moors, E., Saigusa, N., Vesala, T., Wohlfahrt, G., Koven, C., Black, A., Dellwik, E., Don, A., Hollinger, D., Knohl, A., Monson, R., Munger, J., Suyker, A., Varlagin, A., Verma, S.Get access
Published 2011
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1453by Wang, T., Ciais, P., Piao, S. L., Ottlé, C., Brender, P., Maignan, F., Arain, A., Cescatti, A., Gough, C., Gu, L., Lafleur, P., Laurila, T., Margolis, H., Montagnani, L., Moors, E., Saigusa, N., Vesala, T., Wohlfahrt, G., Koven, C., Black, A., Dellwik, E., Don, A., Hollinger, D., Knohl, A., Monson, R., Munger, J., Suyker, A., Varlagin, A., Verma S., Gianelle, Damiano, Marcolla, BarbaraContributors: “...Black, A....”
Published in Biogeosciences (2011)
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1454by Campana, Steven E., Smoliński, Szymon, Black, Bryan A., Morrongiello, John R., Alexandroff, Stella J., Andersson, Carin, Bogstad, Bjarte, Butler, Paul G., Denechaud, Côme, Frank, David C., Geffen, Audrey J., Godiksen, Jane Aanestad, Grønkjær, P., Hjörleifsson, Einar, Jónsdóttir, Ingibjörg, Meekan, Mark G, Mette, Madelyn J., Tanner, Susanne E., van der Sleen, Peter, Von Leesen, Gotje Katharina GiselaGet access
Published in Ecology (2022)
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1455by Kasurinen, Ville, Alfredsen, Knut, Kolari, Pasi, Mammarella, Ivan, Alekseychik, Pavel, Rinne, Janne, Vesala, Timo, Bernier, Pierre, Boike, Julia, Langer, Moritz, Belelli Marchesini, Luca, van Huissteden, Ko, Dolman, Han, Sachs, Torsten, Ohta, Takeshi, Varlagin, Andrej, Rocha, Adrian, Arain, Altaf, Oechel, Walter, Lund, Magnus, Grelle, Achim, Lindroth, Anders, Black, Andy, Aurela, Mika, Laurila, Tuomas, Lohila, Annalea, Berninger, FrankGet access
Published in Global Change Biology (2014)
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1456by Anand, Sonia S, Tu, Jack V, Awadalla, Philip, Black, Sandra, Boileau, Catherine, Busseuil, David, Desai, Dipika, Després, Jean-Pierre, de Souza, Russell J, Dummer, Trevor, Jacquemont, Sébastien, Knoppers, Bartha, Larose, Eric, Lear, Scott A, Marcotte, Francois, Moody, Alan R, Parker, Louise, Poirier, Paul, Robson, Paula J, Smith, Eric E, Spinelli, John J, Tardif, Jean-Claude, Teo, Koon K, Tusevljak, Natasa, Friedrich, Matthias GGet access
Published 2016
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1457by Anand, Sonia S, Tu, Jack V, Awadalla, Philip, Black, Sandra, Boileau, Catherine, Busseuil, David, Desai, Dipika, Després, Jean-Pierre, de Souza, Russell J, Dummer, Trevor, Jacquemont, Sébastien, Knoppers, Bartha, Larose, Eric, Lear, Scott A, Marcotte, Francois, Moody, Alan R, Parker, Louise, Poirier, Paul, Robson, Paula J, Smith, Eric E, Spinelli, John J, Tardif, Jean-Claude, Teo, Koon K, Tusevljak, Natasa, Friedrich, Matthias GGet access
Published in BMC Public Health (2016)
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1458by Beaty, D. W., Miller, S., Bada, J. L., Bearman, G. H., Black, P. B., Bruno, R. J., Carsey, F. D., Conrad, P. G., Daly, M., Fisher, D., Hargreaves, G., Henninger, R. J., Huntsberger, T. L., Mahaffy, B., McNamara, K., Mellon, M., Papanastassiou, D. A., Polland, W., Righter, K., Rothschild, L., Simmonds, J. J., Spray, J. G., Steele, A., Zent, A. P., Lyons, P. R.Get access
Published 2004
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1459by Maria A. Loroño-Pino, Ana Uitz-Mena, Claudia M. Carrillo-Solís, Rocío J. Zapata-Gil, Dora M. Camas-Tec, Lourdes G. Talavera-Aguilar, Rosa C. Cetina-Trejo, Luis F. Flores-Flores, María C. Puc-Tinal, Clara Caamal-Jiménez, Guadalupe Reyes-Solís, Julián E. García-Rejón, Karla Saavedra-Rodriguez, Lars Eisen, Thomas J. Keefe, William C. Black IV, Barry J. BeatyGet access
Published in Journal of Tropical Medicine (2018)
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1460by Sonia S. Anand, Jack V. Tu, Philip Awadalla, Sandra Black, Catherine Boileau, David Busseuil, Dipika Desai, Jean-Pierre Després, Russell J. de Souza, Trevor Dummer, Sébastien Jacquemont, Bartha Knoppers, Eric Larose, Scott A. Lear, Francois Marcotte, Alan R. Moody, Louise Parker, Paul Poirier, Paula J. Robson, Eric E. Smith, John J. Spinelli, Jean-Claude Tardif, Koon K. Teo, Natasa Tusevljak, Matthias G. Friedrich, on behalf of the CAHHM Study InvestigatorsGet access
Published in BMC Public Health (2016)
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