Black
| caption = Clockwise, from top left: Anubis statue; American black bear; Galaxy NGC 406; The Supreme Court of the United States in October 2022; Portrait painting of Queen Victoria. |hex = 000000 |spelling = Color |source = HTML/CSS |cmyk=(0, 0, 0, 100)}}Black is a color that results from the absence or complete absorption of visible light. It is an achromatic color, without hue, like white and grey. It is often used symbolically or figuratively to represent darkness. Black and white have often been used to describe opposites such as good and evil, the Dark Ages versus Age of Enlightenment, and night versus day. Since the Middle Ages, black has been the symbolic color of solemnity and authority, and for this reason it is still commonly worn by judges and magistrates.
Black was one of the first colors used by artists in Neolithic cave paintings. It was used in ancient Egypt and Greece as the color of the underworld. In the Roman Empire, it became the color of mourning, and over the centuries it was frequently associated with death, evil, witches, and magic. In the 14th century, it was worn by royalty, clergy, judges, and government officials in much of Europe. It became the color worn by English romantic poets, businessmen and statesmen in the 19th century, and a high fashion color in the 20th century. According to surveys in Europe and North America, it is the color most commonly associated with mourning, the end, secrets, magic, force, violence, fear, evil, and elegance.
Black is the most common ink color used for printing books, newspapers and documents, as it provides the highest contrast with white paper and thus is the easiest color to read. Similarly, black text on a white screen is the most common format used on computer screens. the darkest material is made by MIT engineers from vertically aligned carbon nanotubes.
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1361by Stark, JS, Peltzer, ET, Kline, DI, Queiros, AM, Cox, TE, Headley, K, Barry, J, Gazeau, F, Runcie, JW, Widdicombe, S, Milnes, M, Roden, NP, Black, J, Whiteside, S, Johnstone, G, Ingels, J, Shaw, E, Bodrossy, L, Gaitan-Espitia, JD, Kirkwood, W, Gattuso, JPGet access
Published in Progress in Oceanography (2019)
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1362by Mooney, S. D., Harrison, S. P., Bartlein, P. J., Daniau, Anne-Laure, Stevenson, J., Brownlie, K. C., Buckman, S., Cupper, M., Luly, J., Black, M., Colhoun, E., D’costa, E., Dodson, J., Haberle, S., Hope, G. S., Kershaw, P., Kenyon, C., McKenzie, M., Williams, N.Get access
Published in Quaternary Science Reviews (2011)
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1363by MOONEY, S. D., HARRISON, S. P., BARTLEIN, P. J., DANIAU, Anne-Laure, STEVENSON, J., BROWNLIE, K. C., BUCKMAN, S., CUPPER, M., LULY, J., BLACK, M., COLHOUN, E., D’COSTA, E., DODSON, J., HABERLE, S., HOPE, G. S., KERSHAW, P., KENYON, C., MCKENZIE, M., WILLIAMS, N.Get access
Published in Quaternary Science Reviews (2011)
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1364by Mooney, S. D., Harrison, S. P., Colhoun, E., D'Costa, D., Dodson, J., Haberle, S., Hope, G. S., Kershaw, P., Kenyon, C., McKenzie, M., Williams, N., Bartlein, P. J., Daniau, A.-L., Stevenson, J., Brownlie, K. C., Buckman, S., Cupper, M., Luly, J., Black, M.Get access
Published 2011
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1365by Brian Hutchinson, Farisha Brispat, Lorena Viviana Calderón Pinzón, Alejandra Sarmiento, Esteban Solís, Rachel Nugent, Nathan Mann, Garrison Spencer, Carrie Ngongo, Andrew Black, Maria Carmen Audera-Lopez, Tih Armstrong Ntiabang, Dudley Tarlton, Juana Cooke, Roy Small, Maxime Roche, Rosa Carolina SandovalGet access
Published in Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública (2022)
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1366by Diana Caridha, Mark Hickman, Lisa Xie, Franklyn Ngundam, Erin Milner, Amanda Schenk, Kirk Butler, Dylan Nugent, Patricia Lee, Norma Roncal, Susan Leed, Eve Hosford, Jangwoo Lee, Richard J. Sciotti, Gregory Reichard, Chad Black, Mara Kreishman-Deitrick, Qigui Li, Brian VeselyGet access
Published in Malaria Journal (2019)
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1367by Nweeia, Martin T., Eichmiller, Frederick C., Hauschka, Peter V., Donahue, Gretchen A., Orr, Jack R., Ferguson, Steven H., Watt, Cortney A., Mead, James G., Potter, Charles W., Dietz, Rune, Giuseppetti, Anthony A., Black, Sandie R., Trachtenberg, Alexander J., Kuo, Winston P.Get access
Published in The Anatomical Record (2014)
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1368by English, Greg, Wilson, Brent M., Lawrence, Michael J., Black, Matt, Hawkes, James P., Hardie, David C., Daniels, Jason M., Carr, Jonathan W., Rycroft, Claire, Crossin, Glenn T., Whoriskey, Fred G., den Heyer, Cornelia E., Bordeleau, Xavier, McKindsey, Christopher W., Trudel, MarcGet access
Published in Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (2024)
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1369by Mooney, S. D., Harrison, S. P., Bartlein, P. J., Daniau, A. L., Stevenson, J., Brownlie, K. C., Buckman, S., Cupper, M., Luly, J., Black, M., Colhoun, E., D'Costa, D., Dodson, J., Haberle, S., Hope, G. S., Kershaw, P., Kenyon, C., McKenzie, M., Williams, N.Get access
Published in Quaternary Science Reviews (2011)
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1370by S. Goliber, T. Black, G. Catania, J. M. Lea, H. Olsen, D. Cheng, S. Bevan, A. Bjørk, C. Bunce, S. Brough, J. R. Carr, T. Cowton, A. Gardner, D. Fahrner, E. Hill, I. Joughin, N. J. Korsgaard, A. Luckman, T. Moon, T. Murray, A. Sole, M. Wood, E. ZhangGet access
Published in The Cryosphere (2022)
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1371by S. Goliber, T. Black, G. Catania, J. M. Lea, H. Olsen, D. Cheng, S. Bevan, A. Bjørk, C. Bunce, S. Brough, J. R. Carr, T. Cowton, A. Gardner, D. Fahrner, E. Hill, I. Joughin, N. J. Korsgaard, A. Luckman, T. Moon, T. Murray, A. Sole, M. Wood, E. ZhangGet access
Published in The Cryosphere (2022)
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1372by Goliber, S., Black, T., Catania, G., Lea, J.M., Olsen, H., Cheng, D., Bevan, S., Bjørk, A., Bunce, C., Brough, S., Carr, J.R., Cowton, T., Gardner, A., Fahrner, D., Hill, E., Joughin, I., Korsgaard, N.J., Luckman, A., Moon, T., Murray, T., Sole, A., Wood, M., Zhang, E.Get access
Published 2022
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1373by Hayes, Christopher T., Black, Erin E., Anderson, Robert F., Baskaran, Mark, Buesseler, Ken O., Charette, Matthew A., Cheng, Hai, Cochran, J. Kirk, Edwards, R. Lawrence, Fitzgerald, Patrick, Lam, Phoebe J., Lu, Yanbin, Morris, Stephanie O., Ohnemus, Daniel C., Pavia, Frank, Stewart, Gillian, Tang, YiGet access
Published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles (2018)
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1374by John P Ryan, Danelle E Cline, John E Joseph, Tetyana Margolina, Jarrod A Santora, Raphael M Kudela, Francisco P Chavez, J Timothy Pennington, Christopher Wahl, Reiko Michisaki, Kelly Benoit-Bird, Karin A Forney, Alison K Stimpert, Andrew DeVogelaere, Nancy Black, Mark FischerGet access
Published in PLOS ONE (2019)
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1375by Ryan, John P, Cline, Danelle E, Joseph, John E, Margolina, Tetyana, Santora, Jarrod A, Kudela, Raphael M, Chavez, Francisco P, Pennington, J Timothy, Wahl, Christopher, Michisaki, Reiko, Benoit-Bird, Kelly, Forney, Karin A, Stimpert, Alison K, DeVogelaere, Andrew, Black, Nancy, Fischer, MarkGet access
Published 2019
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1376by Tesán Onrubia, Javier A., Petrova, Mariia V., Puigcorbé, Viena, Black, Erin E., Valk, Ole, Dufour, Aurélie, Hamelin, Bruno, Buesseler, Ken O., Masqué, Pere, Le Moigne, Frédéric c A. C., Sonke, Jeroen E., Rutgers v. d. Loeff, Michiel, Heimbürger-Boavida, Lars-EricGet access
Published in ACS Earth and Space Chemistry (2020)
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1377by Campana, SE, Smolinski, S, Black, BA, Morrongiello, JR, Alexandroff, SJ, Andersson, C, Bogstad, B, Butler, PG, Denechaud, C, Frank, DC, Geffen, AJ, Godiksen, JA, Gronkjaer, P, Hjorleifsson, E, Jonsdottir, IG, Meekan, M, Mette, M, Tanner, SE, van der Sleen, P, von Leesen, GGet access
Published in Ecology (2023)
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1378by Ryan, John P., Cline, Danelle E., Joseph, John E., Margolina, Tetyana, Santora, Jarrod A., Kudela, Raphael M., Chavez, Francisco P., Pennington, J. Timothy, Wahl, Christopher, Michisaki, Reiko, Benoit-Bird, Kelly, Forney, Karin A., Stimpert, Alison K., DeVogelaere, Andrew, Black, Nancy, Fischer, MarkGet access
Published in PLOS ONE (2019)
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1379by Ryan, John P., Cline, Danelle E., Joseph, John E., Margolina, Tetyana, Santora, Jarrod A., Kudela, Raphael M., Chavez, Francisco P., Pennington, J. Timothy, Wahl, Christopher, Michisaki, Reiko, Beniot-Bird, Kelly, Forney, Karin A., Stimpert, Alison K., DeVogelaere, Andrew, Black, Nancy, Fischer, MarkGet access
Published 2019
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1380by Gustavo Ponce García, Adriana E Flores, Ildefonso Fernández-Salas, Karla Saavedra-Rodríguez, Guadalupe Reyes-Solis, Saul Lozano-Fuentes, J Guillermo Bond, Mauricio Casas-Martínez, Janine M Ramsey, Julián García-Rejón, Marco Domínguez-Galera, Hilary Ranson, Janet Hemingway, Lars Eisen, William C Black IVGet access
Published in PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases (2009)
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