Birch
| image = Betula pendula 001.jpg
| image_caption = Betula pendula (Silver birch)
| taxon = Betula
| authority = L.
| subdivision_ranks = Subgenera
| subdivision = * ''Betulenta''
* ''Betulaster''
* ''Neurobetula''
* ''Betula''
* ''Chamaebetula''
| range_map = Areal bereza.png
| range_map_caption = Range of ''Betula''
| synonyms_ref =
| synonyms = *''Betulaster'' Spach
* ''Apterocaryon'' Opiz
* ''Chamaebetula'' Opiz
}}A birch is a thin-leaved deciduous hardwood tree of the genus ''Betula'' (), in the family Betulaceae, which also includes alders, hazels, and hornbeams. It is closely related to the beech-oak family Fagaceae. The genus ''Betula'' contains 30 to 60 known taxa of which 11 are on the IUCN 2011 Red List of Threatened Species. They are typically short-lived pioneer species and are widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, particularly in northern areas of temperate climates and in boreal climates. Birch wood, the wood of the birch, is used for a wide range of purposes. Provided by Wikipedia
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261by Watts, Jennifer D., Farina, Mary, Kimball, John S., Schiferl, Luke D., Liu, Zhihua, Arndt, Kyle A., Zona, Donatella, Ballantyne, Ashley, Euskirchen, Eugénie S., Parmentier, Frans‐Jan W., Helbig, Manuel, Sonnentag, Oliver, Tagesson, Torbern, Rinne, Janne, Ikawa, Hiroki, Ueyama, Masahito, Kobayashi, Hideki, Sachs, Torsten, Nadeau, Daniel F., Kochendorfer, John, Jackowicz‐Korczynski, Marcin, Virkkala, Anna, Aurela, Mika, Commane, Roisin, Byrne, Brendan, Birch, Leah, Johnson, Matthew S., Madani, Nima, Rogers, Brendan, Du, Jinyang, Endsley, Arthur, Savage, Kathleen, Poulter, Ben, Zhang, Zhen, Bruhwiler, Lori M., Miller, Charles E., Goetz, Scott, Oechel, Walter C.Get access
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262by Watts, Jennifer D., Farina, Mary, Kimball, John S., Schiferl, Luke D., Liu, Zhihua, Arndt, Kyle A., Zona, Donatella, Ballantyne, Ashley, Euskirchen, Eugénie S., Parmentier, Frans Jan W., Helbig, Manuel, Sonnentag, Oliver, Tagesson, Torbern, Rinne, Janne, Ikawa, Hiroki, Ueyama, Masahito, Kobayashi, Hideki, Sachs, Torsten, Nadeau, Daniel F., Kochendorfer, John, Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin, Virkkala, Anna, Aurela, Mika, Commane, Roisin, Byrne, Brendan, Birch, Leah, Johnson, Matthew S., Madani, Nima, Rogers, Brendan, Du, Jinyang, Endsley, Arthur, Savage, Kathleen, Poulter, Ben, Zhang, Zhen, Bruhwiler, Lori M., Miller, Charles E., Goetz, Scott, Oechel, Walter C.Get access
Published in Global Change Biology (2023)
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263by Tjernstrom, Michael, Leck, Caroline, Birch, Cathryn, Bottenheim, Jan, Brooks, B., Brooks, Ian, Backlin, Leif, Chang, R., de Leeuw, Gerardus, Di Liberto, Luca, de la Rosa, Sara, Granath, E., Graus, M., Hansel, A., Heintzenberg, J., Held, A., Hind, A., Johnston, P., Knulst, Johan, Martin, M., Matrai, P., Mauritsen, T., Mueller, M., Norris, S., Orellana, M., Orsini, D., Paatero, J., Persson, P., Gao, Q., Rauschenberg, C., Ristovski, Zoran, Sedlar, J., Shupe, M., Sierau, B., Sirevaag, A., Sjogren, S., Stetzer, O., Swietlicki, Erik, Szczodrak, M., Vaattovaara, Petri, Wahlberg, N., Westberg, M., Wheeler, C.Get access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2014)
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264by Watts, Jennifer D., Farina, Mary, Kimball, John S., Schiferl, Luke D., Liu, Zhihua, Arndt, Kyle A., Zona, Donatella, Ballantyne, Ashley, Euskirchen, Eugénie S., Parmentier, Frans Jan W., Helbig, Manuel, Sonnentag, Oliver, Tagesson, Torbern, Rinne, Janne, Ikawa, Hiroki, Ueyama, Masahito, Kobayashi, Hideki, Sachs, Torsten, Nadeau, Daniel F., Kochendorfer, John, Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin, Virkkala, Anna, Aurela, Mika, Commane, Roisin, Byrne, Brendan, Birch, Leah, Johnson, Matthew S., Madani, Nima, Rogers, Brendan, Du, Jinyang, Endsley, Arthur, Savage, Kathleen, Poulter, Ben, Zhang, Zhen, Bruhwiler, Lori M., Miller, Charles E., Goetz, Scott, Oechel, Walter C.Get access
Published in Global Change Biology (2023)
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265by Watts, Jennifer D., Farina, Mary, Kimball, John S., Schiferl, Luke D., Liu, Zhihua, Arndt, Kyle A., Zona, Donatella, Ballantyne, Ashley, Euskirchen, Eugénie S., Parmentier, Frans‐Jan W., Helbig, Manuel, Sonnentag, Oliver, Tagesson, Torbern, Rinne, Janne, Ikawa, Hiroki, Ueyama, Masahito, Kobayashi, Hideki, Sachs, Torsten, Nadeau, Daniel F., Kochendorfer, John, Jackowicz‐Korczynski, Marcin, Virkkala, Anna, Aurela, Mika, Commane, Roisin, Byrne, Brendan, Birch, Leah, Johnson, Matthew S., Madani, Nima, Rogers, Brendan, Du, Jinyang, Endsley, Arthur, Savage, Kathleen, Poulter, Ben, Zhang, Zhen, Bruhwiler, Lori M., Miller, Charles E., Goetz, Scott, Oechel, Walter C.Get access
Published in Global Change Biology (2023)
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266by Tjernström, M, Leck, C, Birch, CE, Bottenheim, JW, Brooks, BJ, Brooks, IM, Bäcklin, L, Chang, RY-W, De Leeuw, G, Di Liberto, L, De La Rosa, S, Granath, E, Graus, M, Hansel, A, Heintzenberg, J, Held, A, Hind, A, Johnston, P, Knulst, J, Martin, M, Matrai, PA, Mauritsen, T, Müller, M, Norris, SJ, Orellana, MV, Orsini, DA, Paatero, J, Persson, POG, Gao, Q, Rauschenberg, C, Ristovski, Z, Sedlar, J, Shupe, MD, Sierau, B, Sirevaag, A, Sjogren, S, Stetzer, O, Swietlicki, E, Szczodrak, M, Vaattovaara, P, Wahlberg, N, Westberg, M, Wheeler, CRGet access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2014)
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267by Natali, S., Watts, J., Rogers, B., Potter, S., Ludwig, S., Selbmann, A., Sullivan, P., Abbott, B., Arndt, K., Birch, L., Björkman, M., Bloom, A., Celis, G., Christensen, T., Christiansen, C., Commane, R., Cooper, E., Crill, P., Czimczik, C., Davydov, S., Du, J., Egan, J., Elberling, B., Euskirchen, E., Friborg, T., Genet, H., Göckede, M., Goodrich, J., Grogan, P., Helbig, M., Jafarov, E., Jastrow, J., Kalhori, A., Kim, Y., Kimball, J., Kutzbach, L., Lara, M., Larsen, K., Lee, B., Liu, Z., Loranty, M., Lund, M., Lupascu, M., Madani, N., Malhotra, A., Matamala, R., McFarland, J., McGuire, A., Michelsen, A., Minions, C.Get access
Published in Nature Climate Change (2019)
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268by Tjernström, M., Leck, C., Birch, C.E., Bottenheim, J.W., Brooks, B.J., Brooks, I.M., Bäcklin, L., Chang, R.Y.-W., de Leeuw, G., Di Liberto, L., de la Rosa, S., Granath, E., Graus, M., Hansel, A., Heintzenberg, J., Held, A., Hind, A., Johnston, P., Knulst, J., Martin, M., Matrai, P.A., Mauritsen, T., Müller, M., Norris, S.J., Orellana, M.V., Orsini, D.A., Paatero, J., Persson, P.O.G., Gao, Q., Rauschenberg, C., Ristovski, Z., Sedlar, J., Shupe, M.D., Sierau, B., Sirevaag, A., Sjogren, S., Stetzer, O., Swietlicki, E., Szczodrak, M., Vaattovaara, P., Wahlberg, N., Westberg, M., Wheeler, C.R.Get access
Published 2014
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269by Tjernström, M., Leck, C., Birch, C.E., Bottenheim, J.W., Brooks, B.J., Brooks, I.M., Bäcklin, L., Chang, R.Y.-W., de Leeuw, G., Di Liberto, L., de la Rosa, S., Granath, E., Graus, M., Hansel, A., Heintzenberg, J., Held, A., Hind, A., Johnston, P., Knulst, J., Martin, M., Matrai, P.A., Mauritsen, T., Müller, M., Norris, S.J., Orellana, M.V., Orsini, D.A., Paatero, J., Persson, P.O.G., Gao, Q., Rauschenberg, C., Ristovski, Z., Sedlar, J., Shupe, M.D., Sierau, B., Sirevaag, A., Sjogren, S., Stetzer, O., Swietlicki, E., Szczodrak, M., Vaattovaara, P., Wahlberg, N., Westberg, M., Wheeler, C.R.Get access
Published 2014
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270by Tjernström, M., Leck, C., Birch, C.E., Bottenheim, J.W., Brooks, B.J., Brooks, I.M., Bäcklin, L., Chang, R.Y.-W., de Leeuw, G., Di Liberto, L., de la Rosa, S., Granath, E., Graus, M., Hansel, A., Heintzenberg, J., Held, A., Hind, A., Johnston, P., Knulst, J., Martin, M., Matrai, P.A., Mauritsen, T., Müller, M., Norris, S.J., Orellana, M.V., Orsini, D.A., Paatero, J., Persson, P.O.G., Gao, Q., Rauschenberg, C., Ristovski, Z., Sedlar, J., Shupe, M.D., Sierau, B., Sirevaag, A., Sjogren, S., Stetzer, O., Swietlicki, E., Szczodrak, M., Vaattovaara, P., Wahlberg, N., Westberg, M., Wheeler, C.R.Get access
Published 2014
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271by Tjernström, M., Leck, C., Birch, C.E., Bottenheim, J.W., Brooks, B.J., Brooks, I.M., Bäcklin, L., Chang, R.Y.-W., de Leeuw, G., Di Liberto, L., de la Rosa, S., Granath, E., Graus, M., Hansel, A., Heintzenberg, J., Held, A., Hind, A., Johnston, P., Knulst, J., Martin, M., Matrai, P.A., Mauritsen, T., Müller, M., Norris, S.J., Orellana, M.V., Orsini, D.A., Paatero, J., Persson, P.O.G., Gao, Q., Rauschenberg, C., Ristovski, Z., Sedlar, J., Shupe, M.D., Sierau, B., Sirevaag, A., Sjogren, S., Stetzer, O., Swietlicki, E., Szczodrak, M., Vaattovaara, P., Wahlberg, N., Westberg, M., Wheeler, C.R.Get access
Published 2014
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272by Tjernström, M., Leck, C., Birch, C.E., Bottenheim, J.W., Brooks, B.J., Brooks, I.M., Bäcklin, L., Chang, R.Y.-W., de Leeuw, G., Di Liberto, L., de la Rosa, S., Granath, E., Graus, M., Hansel, A., Heintzenberg, J., Held, A., Hind, A., Johnston, P., Knulst, J., Martin, M., Matrai, P.A., Mauritsen, T., Müller, M., Norris, S.J., Orellana, M.V., Orsini, D.A., Paatero, J., Persson, P.O.G., Gao, Q., Rauschenberg, C., Ristovski, Z., Sedlar, J., Shupe, M.D., Sierau, B., Sirevaag, A., Sjogren, S., Stetzer, O., Swietlicki, E., Szczodrak, M., Vaattovaara, P., Wahlberg, N., Westberg, M., Wheeler, C.R.Get access
Published 2014
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273by Tjernström, M., Leck, C., Birch, C.E., Bottenheim, J.W., Brooks, B.J., Brooks, I.M., Bäcklin, L., Chang, R.Y.-W., de Leeuw, G., Di Liberto, L., de la Rosa, S., Granath, E., Graus, M., Hansel, A., Heintzenberg, J., Held, A., Hind, A., Johnston, P., Knulst, J., Martin, M., Matrai, P.A., Mauritsen, T., Müller, M., Norris, S.J., Orellana, M.V., Orsini, D.A., Paatero, J., Persson, P.O.G., Gao, Q., Rauschenberg, C., Ristovski, Z., Sedlar, J., Shupe, M.D., Sierau, B., Sirevaag, A., Sjogren, S., Stetzer, O., Swietlicki, E., Szczodrak, M., Vaattovaara, P., Wahlberg, N., Westberg, M., Wheeler, C.R.Get access
Published 2014
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274by Tjernström, M., Leck, C., Birch, C.E., Bottenheim, J.W., Brooks, B.J., Brooks, I.M., Bäcklin, L., Chang, R.Y.-W., de Leeuw, G., Di Liberto, L., de la Rosa, S., Granath, E., Graus, M., Hansel, A., Heintzenberg, J., Held, A., Hind, A., Johnston, P., Knulst, J., Martin, M., Matrai, P.A., Mauritsen, T., Müller, M., Norris, S.J., Orellana, M.V., Orsini, D.A., Paatero, J., Persson, P.O.G., Gao, Q., Rauschenberg, C., Ristovski, Z., Sedlar, J., Shupe, M.D., Sierau, B., Sirevaag, A., Sjogren, S., Stetzer, O., Swietlicki, E., Szczodrak, M., Vaattovaara, P., Wahlberg, N., Westberg, M., Wheeler, C.R.Get access
Published 2014
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275by Tjernström, M., Leck, C., Birch, C.E., Bottenheim, J.W., Brooks, B.J., Brooks, I.M., Bäcklin, L., Chang, R.Y.-W., De Leeuw, G., Di Liberto, L., De La Rosa, S., Granath, E., Graus, M., Hansel, A., Heintzenberg, J., Held, A., Hind, A., Johnston, P., Knulst, J., Martin, M., Matrai, P.A., Mauritsen, T., Müller, M., Norris, S.J., Orellana, M.V., Orsini, D.A., Paatero, J., Persson, P.O.G., Gao, Q., Rauschenberg, C., Ristovski, Z., Sedlar, J., Shupe, M.D., Sierau, B., Sirevaag, A., Sjogren, S., Stetzer, O., Swietlicki, E., Szczodrak, M., Vaattovaara, P., Wahlberg, N., Westberg, M., Wheeler, C.R.Get access
Published 2014
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276by Tjernström, Michael, Leck, Caroline, Birch, Cathryn E., Bottenheim, Jan W., Brooks, Barbara J., Brooks, Ian M., Bäcklin, Leif, Chang, Rachel, de Leeuw, Gerrit, Di Liberto, Luca, De La Rosa, Sara, Granath, Eva, Graus, Martin, Hänsel, Armin, Heintzenberg, Jost, Held, Andreas, Hind, Andrew, Johnston, Paul, Knulst, Johan C., Martin, Maria, Matrai, Patricia A., Mauritsen, Thorsten, Müller, Markus, Norris, Sarah J., Orellana, Mónica V., Orsini, Douglas A., Paatero, Jussi, Persson, P. Ola G., Gao, Qiuju, Rauschenberg, Carlton, Ristovski, Zoran, Sedlař, Joseph, Shupe, Matthew D., Sierau, Berko, Sirevaag, Anders, Sjögren, Staffan, Stetzer, Olaf, Swietlicki, Erik, Szczodrak, Malgorzata, Vaattovaara, Petri, Wahlberg, Nils, Westberg, Maria, Wheeler, Cassie R.Get access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2015)
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277by Tjernstrom, M., Leck, C., Birch, C. E., Bottenheim, J. W., Brooks, B. J., Brooks, I. M., Backlin, L., Chang, Y. -W., de Leeuw, G., Di Liberto, L., de la Rosa, S., Granath, E., Graus, M., Hansel, A., Heintzenberg, J., Held, A., Hind, A., Johnston, P., Knulst, J., Martin, M., Matrai, P. A., Mauritsen, T., Mueller, M., Norris, S. J., Orellana, M. V., Orsini, D. A., Paatero, J., Persson, P. O. G., Gao, Q., Rauschenberg, C., Ristovski, Z., Sedlar, J., Shupe, M. D., Sierau, B., Sirevaag, A., Sjögren, Staffan, Stetzer, O., Swietlicki, Erik, Szczodrak, M., Vaattovaara, P., Wahlberg, N., Westberg, M., Wheeler, C. R.Get access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2014)
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278by M. Tjernström, C. Leck, C. E. Birch, J. W. Bottenheim, B. J. Brooks, I. M. Brooks, L. Bäcklin, R. Y.-W. Chang, G. de Leeuw, L. Di Liberto, S. de la Rosa, E. Granath, M. Graus, A. Hansel, J. Heintzenberg, A. Held, A. Hind, P. Johnston, J. Knulst, M. Martin, P. A. Matrai, T. Mauritsen, M. Müller, S. J. Norris, M. V. Orellana, D. A. Orsini, J. Paatero, P. O. G. Persson, Q. Gao, C. Rauschenberg, Z. Ristovski, J. Sedlar, M. D. Shupe, B. Sierau, A. Sirevaag, S. Sjogren, O. Stetzer, E. Swietlicki, M. Szczodrak, P. Vaattovaara, N. Wahlberg, M. Westberg, C. R. WheelerGet access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2014)
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279by Tjernstrom, M., Leck, C., Birch, C. E., Bottenheim, J. W., Brooks, B. J., Brooks, I. M., Backlin, L., Chang, Y. -W, de Leeuw, G., Di Liberto, L., de la Rosa, S., Granath, E., Graus, M., Hansel, A., Heintzenberg, J., Held, A., Hind, A., Johnston, P., Knulst, J., Martin, M., Matrai, P. A., Mauritsen, T., Mueller, M., Norris, S. J., Orellana, M. V., Orsini, D. A., Paatero, J., Persson, P. O. G., Gao, Q., Rauschenberg, C., Ristovski, Z., Sedlar, Joseph, Shupe, M. D., Sierau, B., Sirevaag, A., Sjogren, S., Stetzer, O., Swietlicki, E., Szczodrak, M., Vaattovaara, P., Wahlberg, N., Westberg, M., Wheeler, C. R.Get access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2014)
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280by Tjernström, Michael, Leck, Caroline, Birch, Cathryn E., Brooks, Barbara J., Brooks, Ian M., Bäcklin, Leif, Chang, Rachel R.-W., Granath, E., Graus, Martin, Hansel, Armin, Heintzenberg, Jost, Held, Andreas, Hind, Andrew, De La Rosa, Sara, Johnston, Paul, Knulst, Johan, De Leeuw, Gerrit, Di Liberto, Luca, Martin, Maria, Matrai, Paty A., Mauritsen, Thorsten, Müller, Markus, Norris, Sarah J., Orellana, Mόnica V., Orsini, Douglas A., Paatero, Jussi, Persson, P. Ola G., Gao, Qiuju, Rauschenberg, Carlton, Ristovski, Zoran, Sedlar, Joseph, Shupe, Matthew D., Sierau, Berko, Sirevaag, Anders, Sjögren, Staffan, Stetzer, Olaf, Swietlicki, Erik, Szczodrak, Malgorzata, Vaattovaara, Petri, Walberg, Nils, Westberg, Martin, Wheeler, C.R.Get access
Published 2013
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