BP
BP p.l.c. (formerly The British Petroleum Company p.l.c. and BP Amoco p.l.c.; stylised in all lowercase) is a British multinational oil and gas company headquartered in London, England. It is one of the oil and gas "supermajors" and one of the world's largest companies measured by revenues and profits. It is a vertically integrated company operating in all areas of the oil and gas industry, including exploration and extraction, refining, distribution and marketing, power generation, and trading.BP's origins date back to the founding of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company in 1909, established as a subsidiary of Burmah Oil Company to exploit oil discoveries in Iran. In 1935, it became the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company and in 1954, adopted the name British Petroleum. BP acquired majority control of Standard Oil of Ohio in 1978. Formerly majority state-owned, the British government privatised the company in stages between 1979 and 1987. BP merged with Amoco in 1998, becoming BP Amoco p.l.c., and acquired ARCO, Burmah Castrol and Aral AG shortly thereafter. The company's name was shortened to BP p.l.c. in 2001.
, BP had operations in nearly 80 countries, produced around of oil equivalent, and had total proven reserves of of oil equivalent. The company has around 18,700 service stations worldwide, which it operates under the BP brand (worldwide) and under the Amoco brand (in the U.S.) and the Aral brand (in Germany). Its largest division is BP America in the United States. BP is the fourth-largest investor-owned oil company in the world by 2021 revenues (after ExxonMobil, Shell, and TotalEnergies). BP had a market capitalisation of US$98.36 billion as of 2022, placing it 122nd in the world, and its Fortune Global 500 rank was 35th in 2022 with revenues of US$164.2 billion. The company's primary stock listing in on the London Stock Exchange, where it is a member of the FTSE 100 Index.
From 1988 to 2015, BP was responsible for 1.53% of global industrial greenhouse gas emissions and has been directly involved in several major environmental and safety incidents. Among them were the 2005 Texas City refinery explosion, which caused the death of 15 workers and which resulted in a record-setting OSHA fine; Britain's largest oil spill, the wreck of ''Torrey Canyon'' in 1967; and the 2006 Prudhoe Bay oil spill, the largest oil spill on Alaska's North Slope, which resulted in a US$25 million civil penalty, the largest per-barrel penalty at that time for an oil spill. BP's worst environmental catastrophe was the 2010 ''Deepwater Horizon'' oil spill, the largest accidental release of oil into marine waters in history, which leaked about of oil, causing severe environmental, human health, and economic consequences and serious legal and public relations repercussions for BP, costing more than $4.5 billion in fines and penalties, and an additional $18.7 billion in Clean Water Act-related penalties and other claims, the largest criminal resolution in US history. Altogether, the oil spill cost the company more than $65 billion.
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441by Yau, Audrey M., Bender, Michael L., Blunier, Thomas, Jouzel, JeanContributors: “...BP Amoco – Princeton University Carbon Mitigation Initiative...”
Published in Earth and Planetary Science Letters (2016)
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442by Lofthus, Synnøve, Bakke, Ingrid, Greer, Charles W., Brakstad, Odd GunnarContributors: “...Aker BP...”
Published in Marine Pollution Bulletin (2021)
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443by Batchelor, C.L., Dowdeswell, J.A., Pietras, J.T.Contributors: “...BP America...”
Published in Marine and Petroleum Geology (2014)
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444Contributors: “...CEPHAG - URA 346 ENSIEG, BP 46, 38402 Saint Martin d'Hères...”
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445by Larocca, Laura J., Axford, Yarrow, Woodroffe, Sarah A., Lasher, G. Everett, Gawin, BarbaraContributors: “...BP...”
Published in Quaternary Science Reviews (2020)
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446by Canion, Andy, Overholt, Will A., Kostka, Joel E., Huettel, Markus, Lavik, Gaute, Kuypers, Marcel M. M.Contributors: “...BP/Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative...”
Published in Environmental Microbiology (2014)
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447by Gannier, AlexandreContributors: “...Groupe de Recherche sur les Cétacés, BP715. F-06633 Antibes cedex....”
Published 2018
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448by Delsett, Lene L., Novis, Linn K., Roberts, Aubrey J., Koevoets, Maayke J., Hammer, Oyvind, Druckenmiller, Patrick S., Hurum, Jorn H.Contributors: “...Kear, B.P....”
Published in Geological Society, London, Special Publications (2015)
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449by Muñoz‐Barrera, Jhon M., Rotevatn, Atle, Gawthorpe, Robert L., Henstra, Gijs, Kristensen, Thomas B.Contributors: “...Aker BP...”
Published in Basin Research (2022)
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450by Nepstad, Raymond, Størdal, Ingvild Fladvad, Brönner, Ute, Nordtug, Trond, Hansen, Bjørn HenrikContributors: “...Statoil Petroleum AS and BP International...”
Published in Marine Environmental Research (2015)
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451by Jeanniot, Ludovic, Kusznir, Nick, Mohn, Geoffroy, Manatschal, Gianreto, Cowie, LeanneContributors: “...BP...”
Published in Tectonophysics (2016)
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453Contributors: “...Laboratory of Dynamics and Biodiversity, Faculty of Biological Sciences, USTHB. BP 32. El Alia...”
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454by Church, Mike J., Arge, Símun V., Edwards, Kevin J., Ascough, Philippa L., Bond, Julie M., Cook, Gordon T., Dockrill, Steve J., Dugmore, Andrew J., McGovern, Thomas H., Nesbitt, Claire, Simpson, Ian A.Contributors: “...BP Amoco Explorations (Faroes) Ltd....”
Published in Quaternary Science Reviews (2013)
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455by Lopes, Gilda, McLean, Duncan, Mangerud, Gunn, Clayton, GeoffContributors: “...AkerBP...”
Published in Marine and Petroleum Geology (2018)
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456Contributors: “...Parc National du Mercantour, 23 rue d'Italie, BP 1316, F-06006 Nice, FRA...”
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457Contributors: “...Office National des Forêts, 16, Rue Georges-Mandel, BP 903, 33061 Bordeaux, FRA (aut. 1)...”
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458Contributors: “...Office National des Forêts, 16, Rue Georges-mandel, BP 903, 33061 Bordeaux, FRA (aut. 1)...”
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459by Nepstad, Raymond, Hansen, Bjørn Henrik, Skancke, JørgenContributors: “...Aker BP, Norway...”
Published in Marine Environmental Research (2021)
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460by Fournet, Michelle E. H., Silvestri, Margherita, Clark, Christopher W., Klinck, Holger, Rice, Aaron N.Contributors: “...BP Exploration, Alaska Inc....”
Published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences (2021)
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