BIOS
![A pair of [[Advanced Micro Devices|AMD]] BIOS chips for a [[Dell]] 310 computer from the 1980s. The bottom one shows the distinct window of an [[EPROM]] chip.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Pair_of_BIOS_chips.jpg)
The BIOS in older PCs initializes and tests the system hardware components (power-on self-test or POST for short), and loads a boot loader from a mass storage device which then initializes a kernel. In the era of DOS, the BIOS provided BIOS interrupt calls for the keyboard, display, storage, and other input/output (I/O) devices that standardized an interface to application programs and the operating system. More recent operating systems do not use the BIOS interrupt calls after startup.
Most BIOS implementations are specifically designed to work with a particular computer or motherboard model, by interfacing with various devices especially system chipset. Originally, BIOS firmware was stored in a ROM chip on the PC motherboard. In later computer systems, the BIOS contents are stored on flash memory so it can be rewritten without removing the chip from the motherboard. This allows easy, end-user updates to the BIOS firmware so new features can be added or bugs can be fixed, but it also creates a possibility for the computer to become infected with BIOS rootkits. Furthermore, a BIOS upgrade that fails could brick the motherboard.
The last version of Microsoft Windows to officially support running on PCs which use legacy BIOS firmware is Windows 10 as Windows 11 requires a UEFI-compliant system (except for IoT Enterprise editions of Windows 11 since version 24H2).
Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) is a successor to the legacy PC BIOS, aiming to address its technical limitations. Since 2020, all PCs for Intel platforms no longer support Legacy BIOS. Provided by Wikipedia
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161by Ibarbalz, Federico, M, Henry, Nicolas, Mahé, Frédéric, Ardyna, Mathieu, Zingone, Adriana, Scalco, Eleonora, Lovejoy, Connie, Lombard, Fabien, Jaillon, Olivier, Iudicone, Daniele, Malviya, Shruti, Sullivan, Matthew, B, Chaffron, Samuel, Karsenti, Eric, Babin, Marcel, Boss, Emmanuel, Wincker, Patrick, Zinger, Lucie, de Vargas, Colomban, Bowler, Chris, Karp-Boss, LeeContributors: “...Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS)...”
Published in Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene (2023)
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162by Kaneko, Hiroto, Endo, Hisashi, Henry, Nicolas, Berney, Cédric, Mahé, Frédéric, Poulain, Julie, Labadie, Karine, Beluche, Odette, El Hourany, Roy, Chaffron, Samuel, Wincker, Patrick, Nakamura, Ryosuke, Karp-Boss, Lee, Boss, Emmanuel, Bowler, Chris, de Vargas, Colomban, Tomii, Kentaro, Ogata, HiroyukiContributors: “...Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS)...”
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163by Kaneko, Hiroto, Endo, Hisashi, Henry, Nicolas, Berney, Cédric, Mahé, Frédéric, Poulain, Julie, Labadie, Karine, Beluche, Odette, El Hourany, Roy, Chaffron, Samuel, Wincker, Patrick, Nakamura, Ryosuke, Karp-Boss, Lee, Boss, Emmanuel, Bowler, Chris, de Vargas, Colomban, Tomii, Kentaro, Ogata, HiroyukiContributors: “...Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS)...”
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164by Kaneko, Hiroto, Endo, Hisashi, Henry, Nicolas, Berney, Cédric, Mahé, Frédéric, Poulain, Julie, Labadie, Karine, Beluche, Odette, El Hourany, Roy, Chaffron, Samuel, Wincker, Patrick, Nakamura, Ryosuke, Karp-Boss, Lee, Boss, Emmanuel, Bowler, Chris, de Vargas, Colomban, Tomii, Kentaro, Ogata, HiroyukiContributors: “...Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS)...”
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165by Kaneko, Hiroto, Endo, Hisashi, Henry, Nicolas, Berney, Cédric, Mahé, Frédéric, Poulain, Julie, Labadie, Karine, Beluche, Odette, El Hourany, Roy, Chaffron, Samuel, Wincker, Patrick, Nakamura, Ryosuke, Karp-Boss, Lee, Boss, Emmanuel, Bowler, Chris, de Vargas, Colomban, Tomii, Kentaro, Ogata, HiroyukiContributors: “...Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS)...”
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166by Kaneko, Hiroto, Endo, Hisashi, Henry, Nicolas, Berney, Cédric, Mahé, Frédéric, Poulain, Julie, Labadie, Karine, Beluche, Odette, El Hourany, Roy, Chaffron, Samuel, Wincker, Patrick, Nakamura, Ryosuke, Karp-Boss, Lee, Boss, Emmanuel, Bowler, Chris, de Vargas, Colomban, Tomii, Kentaro, Ogata, HiroyukiContributors: “...Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS)...”
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167by Kaneko, Hiroto, Endo, Hisashi, Henry, Nicolas, Berney, Cédric, Mahé, Frédéric, Poulain, Julie, Labadie, Karine, Beluche, Odette, El Hourany, Roy, Chaffron, Samuel, Wincker, Patrick, Nakamura, Ryosuke, Karp-Boss, Lee, Boss, Emmanuel, Bowler, Chris, de Vargas, Colomban, Tomii, Kentaro, Ogata, HiroyukiContributors: “...Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS)...”
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168by Kaneko, Hiroto, Endo, Hisashi, Henry, Nicolas, Berney, Cédric, Mahé, Frédéric, Poulain, Julie, Labadie, Karine, Beluche, Odette, El Hourany, Roy, Chaffron, Samuel, Wincker, Patrick, Nakamura, Ryosuke, Karp-Boss, Lee, Boss, Emmanuel, Bowler, Chris, de Vargas, Colomban, Tomii, Kentaro, Ogata, HiroyukiContributors: “...Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS)...”
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169by Ibarbalz, Federico, M, Henry, Nicolas, Mahé, Frédéric, Ardyna, Mathieu, Zingone, Adriana, Scalco, Eleonora, Lovejoy, Connie, Lombard, Fabien, Jaillon, Olivier, Iudicone, Daniele, Malviya, Shruti, Sullivan, Matthew, B, Chaffron, Samuel, Karsenti, Eric, Babin, Marcel, Boss, Emmanuel, Wincker, Patrick, Zinger, Lucie, de Vargas, Colomban, Bowler, Chris, Karp-Boss, LeeContributors: “...Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS)...”
Published in Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene (2023)
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170by Ibarbalz, Federico, M, Henry, Nicolas, Mahé, Frédéric, Ardyna, Mathieu, Zingone, Adriana, Scalco, Eleonora, Lovejoy, Connie, Lombard, Fabien, Jaillon, Olivier, Iudicone, Daniele, Malviya, Shruti, Sullivan, Matthew, B, Chaffron, Samuel, Karsenti, Eric, Babin, Marcel, Boss, Emmanuel, Wincker, Patrick, Zinger, Lucie, de Vargas, Colomban, Bowler, Chris, Karp-Boss, LeeContributors: “...Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS)...”
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171by Kaneko, Hiroto, Endo, Hisashi, Henry, Nicolas, Berney, Cédric, Mahé, Frédéric, Poulain, Julie, Labadie, Karine, Beluche, Odette, El Hourany, Roy, Chaffron, Samuel, Wincker, Patrick, Nakamura, Ryosuke, Karp-Boss, Lee, Boss, Emmanuel, Bowler, Chris, de Vargas, Colomban, Tomii, Kentaro, Ogata, HiroyukiContributors: “...Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS)...”
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172by Kaneko, Hiroto, Endo, Hisashi, Henry, Nicolas, Berney, Cédric, Mahé, Frédéric, Poulain, Julie, Labadie, Karine, Beluche, Odette, El Hourany, Roy, Chaffron, Samuel, Wincker, Patrick, Nakamura, Ryosuke, Karp-Boss, Lee, Boss, Emmanuel, Bowler, Chris, de Vargas, Colomban, Tomii, Kentaro, Ogata, HiroyukiContributors: “...Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS)...”
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173by Kaneko, Hiroto, Endo, Hisashi, Henry, Nicolas, Berney, Cédric, Mahé, Frédéric, Poulain, Julie, Labadie, Karine, Beluche, Odette, El Hourany, Roy, Chaffron, Samuel, Wincker, Patrick, Nakamura, Ryosuke, Karp-Boss, Lee, Boss, Emmanuel, Bowler, Chris, de Vargas, Colomban, Tomii, Kentaro, Ogata, HiroyukiContributors: “...Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS)...”
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174by Kaneko, Hiroto, Endo, Hisashi, Henry, Nicolas, Berney, Cédric, Mahé, Frédéric, Poulain, Julie, Labadie, Karine, Beluche, Odette, El Hourany, Roy, Chaffron, Samuel, Wincker, Patrick, Nakamura, Ryosuke, Karp-Boss, Lee, Boss, Emmanuel, Bowler, Chris, de Vargas, Colomban, Tomii, Kentaro, Ogata, HiroyukiContributors: “...Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS)...”
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175by Kaneko, Hiroto, Endo, Hisashi, Henry, Nicolas, Berney, Cédric, Mahé, Frédéric, Poulain, Julie, Labadie, Karine, Beluche, Odette, El Hourany, Roy, Chaffron, Samuel, Wincker, Patrick, Nakamura, Ryosuke, Karp-Boss, Lee, Boss, Emmanuel, Bowler, Chris, de Vargas, Colomban, Tomii, Kentaro, Ogata, HiroyukiContributors: “...Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS)...”
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176by Kaneko, Hiroto, Endo, Hisashi, Henry, Nicolas, Berney, Cédric, Mahé, Frédéric, Poulain, Julie, Labadie, Karine, Beluche, Odette, El Hourany, Roy, Chaffron, Samuel, Wincker, Patrick, Nakamura, Ryosuke, Karp-Boss, Lee, Boss, Emmanuel, Bowler, Chris, de Vargas, Colomban, Tomii, Kentaro, Ogata, HiroyukiContributors: “...Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS)...”
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177by Kaneko, Hiroto, Endo, Hisashi, Henry, Nicolas, Berney, Cédric, Mahé, Frédéric, Poulain, Julie, Labadie, Karine, Beluche, Odette, El Hourany, Roy, Chaffron, Samuel, Wincker, Patrick, Nakamura, Ryosuke, Karp-Boss, Lee, Boss, Emmanuel, Bowler, Chris, de Vargas, Colomban, Tomii, Kentaro, Ogata, HiroyukiContributors: “...Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS)...”
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178by Ibarbalz, Federico, M, Henry, Nicolas, Mahé, Frédéric, Ardyna, Mathieu, Zingone, Adriana, Scalco, Eleonora, Lovejoy, Connie, Lombard, Fabien, Jaillon, Olivier, Iudicone, Daniele, Malviya, Shruti, Sullivan, Matthew, B, Chaffron, Samuel, Karsenti, Eric, Babin, Marcel, Boss, Emmanuel, Wincker, Patrick, Zinger, Lucie, de Vargas, Colomban, Bowler, Chris, Karp-Boss, LeeContributors: “...Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS)...”
Published in Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene (2023)
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179by Ibarbalz, Federico, M, Henry, Nicolas, Mahé, Frédéric, Ardyna, Mathieu, Zingone, Adriana, Scalco, Eleonora, Lovejoy, Connie, Lombard, Fabien, Jaillon, Olivier, Iudicone, Daniele, Malviya, Shruti, Sullivan, Matthew, B, Chaffron, Samuel, Karsenti, Eric, Babin, Marcel, Boss, Emmanuel, Wincker, Patrick, Zinger, Lucie, de Vargas, Colomban, Bowler, Chris, Karp-Boss, LeeContributors: “...Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS)...”
Published in Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene (2023)
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180by Ibarbalz, Federico, M, Henry, Nicolas, Mahé, Frédéric, Ardyna, Mathieu, Zingone, Adriana, Scalco, Eleonora, Lovejoy, Connie, Lombard, Fabien, Jaillon, Olivier, Iudicone, Daniele, Malviya, Shruti, Sullivan, Matthew, B, Chaffron, Samuel, Karsenti, Eric, Babin, Marcel, Boss, Emmanuel, Wincker, Patrick, Zinger, Lucie, de Vargas, Colomban, Bowler, Chris, Karp-Boss, LeeContributors: “...Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS)...”
Published in Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene (2023)
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