Architecture
Architecture is the art and technique of designing and building, as distinguished from the skills associated with construction. It is both the process and the product of sketching, conceiving, planning, designing, and constructing buildings or other structures. The term comes |}}; '' ()|architect}}; '' ()|chief||'''' ()|creator}}. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilisations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.The practice, which began in the prehistoric era, has been used as a way of expressing culture by civilizations on all seven continents. For this reason, architecture is considered to be a form of art. Texts on architecture have been written since ancient times. The earliest surviving text on architectural theories is the 1st century AD treatise by the Roman architect Vitruvius, according to whom a good building embodies , and (durability, utility, and beauty). Centuries later, Leon Battista Alberti developed his ideas further, seeing beauty as an objective quality of buildings to be found in their proportions. In the 19th century, Louis Sullivan declared that "form follows function". "Function" began to replace the classical "utility" and was understood to include not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological, and cultural dimensions. The idea of sustainable architecture was introduced in the late 20th century.
Architecture began as rural, oral vernacular architecture that developed from trial and error to successful replication. Ancient urban architecture was preoccupied with building religious structures and buildings symbolizing the political power of rulers until Greek and Roman architecture shifted focus to civic virtues. Indian and Chinese architecture influenced forms all over Asia and Buddhist architecture in particular took diverse local flavors. During the Middle Ages, pan-European styles of Romanesque and Gothic cathedrals and abbeys emerged while the Renaissance favored Classical forms implemented by architects known by name. Later, the roles of architects and engineers became separated.
Modern architecture began after World War I as an avant-garde movement that sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes. Emphasis was put on modern techniques, materials, and simplified geometric forms, paving the way for high-rise superstructures. Many architects became disillusioned with modernism which they perceived as ahistorical and anti-aesthetic, and postmodern and contemporary architecture developed. Over the years, the field of architectural construction has branched out to include everything from ship design to interior decorating. Provided by Wikipedia
-
61by Ria-Maria Adams (Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Vienna), Alla Bolotova (Department of Architecture, Aalto University), Ville Alasalmi (Department of Architecture, Aalto University)Get access
Published in European Planning Studies (2022)
Get access
Text -
62
-
63
-
64by Štefančić, Sanja; Dental Polyclinic Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; sanja.stefancic@zg.t-com.hr, Ćurković, Lidija; Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia, Baršić, Gorana; Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia, Majić-Renjo, Marijana; Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia, Mehulić, Ketij; School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, CroatiaGet access
Published 2013
Get access
Get access
Text -
65
-
66
-
67
-
68
-
69
-
70
-
71
-
72
-
73
-
74
-
75by Takeshi Abe (Technical Research Institute, The Zenitaka Corporation), Toshio Hannuki (Department of Architecture, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University), Tatsuichiro Tashiro (LIXIL Corporation), Tsuyoshi Nagaki (National Institute of Polar Research)Get access
Published 2019
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
76by Takeshi Abe (Technical Research Institute, The Zenitaka Corporation), Toshio Hannuki (Department of Architecture, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University), Tatsuichiro Tashiro (LIXIL Corporation), Tsuyoshi Nagaki (National Institute of Polar Research)Get access
Published 2019
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
77by Mehrshad, Maliheh, Lopez-Fernandez, Margarita, Sundh, John, Bell, Emma Ecole Polytechnique Federale Lausanne . School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering. Environmental Engineering Inst. Environmental Microbiology Lab., Simone, Domenico Linnaeus Univ., Kalmar . Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Swedish Univ.y of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala . SLU Bioinformatics Infrastructure, Buck, Moritz Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala . Dept. of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Bernier-Latmani, Rizlan Ecole Polytechnique Federale Lausanne . School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering. Environmental Engineering Inst. Environmental Microbiology Lab., Bertilsson, Stefan Uppsala Univ. . Dept. of Ecology and Genetics. Limnology and Science for Life Lab.; Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala . Dept. of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Dopson, Mark Linnaeus Univ., Kalmar . Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model SystemsGet access
Published in Nature Communications (2021)
Get access
Get access
-
78by Zuhr, Alexandra M., Wahl, Sonja, Steen‐Larsen, Hans Christian, Hörhold, Maria, Meyer, Hanno, Laepple, Thomas, 3 School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland, 4 University of Bergen and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research Bergen Norway, 5 Alfred‐Wegener‐Institut Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar‐ und Meeresforschung Research Unit Bremerhaven Bremerhaven Germany, 1 Alfred‐Wegener‐Institut Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar‐ und Meeresforschung Research Unit Potsdam Potsdam GermanyGet access
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface (2023)
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
79by Klassen, Michael JohnContributors: “...Eaton, Marcella (Landscape Architecture) Wilson Baptist, Karen (Landscape Architecture)...”
Published 2008
Get access
-
80by Klassen, Michael JohnContributors: “...Eaton, Marcella (Landscape Architecture) Wilson Baptist, Karen (Landscape Architecture)...”
Published 2008
Get access