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polythermal glacier snow cover thickness of cold layer Шпицберген инфраструктура сухопутного транспорта природно-климатические условия северные регионы транспорт Arctic;ice cap;surge;power reflection coefficient from bedrock;Severnaya Zemlya;airborne radio-echo sounding Deformation of sea ice;landslide;tidewater and polythermal glaciers;Svalbard;subglacial runoff;surge Glacier volume estimation;ice storage assessment;mountain glacier Hydrothermal structure;radio-echo sounding of glaciers;Svalbard;water content in glaciers Mathematical modeling Spitsbergen Svalbard cold and temperate ice dielectric permittivity;snow cover;soil;radio-echo sounding dry snow;radio echo sounding;radio wave velocity;snow cover;snow density;snow structure;wet snow glaciers glaciers;ground-based radio-echo sounding;ice thickness and volume;Svalbard gravimetry ground-based radio-echo sounding mountain glaciers numerical modeling polar glaciers polythermal glacier;hydrothermal state;internal structure;ice thickness;water content;radio-echo sounding radio‑echo sounding Арктика Арктика;ледниковый купол;ледниковая подвижка;коэффициент отражения от ложа;Северная Земля;ледник;аэрорадиозондирование Вода в ледниках;гидротермическая структура;радиозондирование ледников;Шпицберген