Water
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Water is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . It is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance. It is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms (in which it acts as a solvent). It is vital for all known forms of life, despite not providing food energy or organic micronutrients. Its chemical formula, , indicates that each of its molecules contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms, connected by covalent bonds. The hydrogen atoms are attached to the oxygen atom at an angle of 104.45°. In liquid form, is also called "water" at standard temperature and pressure.
Because Earth's environment is relatively close to water's triple point, water exists on Earth as a solid, a liquid, and a gas. It forms precipitation in the form of rain and aerosols in the form of fog. Clouds consist of suspended droplets of water and ice, its solid state. When finely divided, crystalline ice may precipitate in the form of snow. The gaseous state of water is steam or water vapor.
Water covers about 71% of the Earth's surface, with seas and oceans making up most of the water volume (about 96.5%). Small portions of water occur as groundwater (1.7%), in the glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland (1.7%), and in the air as vapor, clouds (consisting of ice and liquid water suspended in air), and precipitation (0.001%). Water moves continually through the water cycle of evaporation, transpiration (evapotranspiration), condensation, precipitation, and runoff, usually reaching the sea.
Water plays an important role in the world economy. Approximately 70% of the fresh water used by humans goes to agriculture. Fishing in salt and fresh water bodies has been, and continues to be, a major source of food for many parts of the world, providing 6.5% of global protein. Much of the long-distance trade of commodities (such as oil, natural gas, and manufactured products) is transported by boats through seas, rivers, lakes, and canals. Large quantities of water, ice, and steam are used for cooling and heating in industry and homes. Water is an excellent solvent for a wide variety of substances, both mineral and organic; as such, it is widely used in industrial processes and in cooking and washing. Water, ice, and snow are also central to many sports and other forms of entertainment, such as swimming, pleasure boating, boat racing, surfing, sport fishing, diving, ice skating, snowboarding, and skiing.
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861by Klein, Konstantin, Lantuit, Hugues, Heim, Birgit, Doxaran, David, Juhls, Bennet, Nitze, Ingmar, Walch, Daniela, Poste, Amanda, Søreide, JanneContributors: “...Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA)...”
Published in Science of Remote Sensing (2021)
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862Contributors: “...DIREN, Region Pays-de-la-Loire, Loire-Bretagne Water Agency...”
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863by Mongin, Mathieu, Baird, Mark E., Tilbrook, Bronte, Matear, Richard J., Lenton, Andrew, Herzfeld, Mike, Wild-Allen, Karen, Skerratt, Jenny, Margvelashvili, Nugzar, Robson, Barbara J., Duarte, Carlos M., Gustafsson, Malin S. M., Ralph, Peter J., Steven, Andrew D. L.Contributors: “...CSIRO Land and Water, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia...”
Published in Nature Communications (2016)
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864by Dineshram, Ramadoss, Chandramouli, Kondethimmanahalli, Ko, Ginger Wai Kuen, Zhang, Huoming, Qian, Pei-Yuan, Ravasi, Timothy, Thiyagarajan, VengatesenContributors: “...Division of Life Science; Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay, Kowloon...”
Published in Global Change Biology (2016)
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865by Wakefield Ewan, D., Phillips, Richard A., Trathan, Philip N., Arata, Javier, Gales, Rosemary, Huin, Nic, Robertson, Graham, Waugh, Suzan M., Weimerskirch, Henri, Matthiopoulos, JasonContributors: “...Department of Primary Industries and Water...”
Published 2011
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866by Best, C., Ikert, H., Kostyniuk, D., Craig, P.M., Navarro-Martin, L., Marandel, Lucie, Mennigen, Jan A.Contributors: “...Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA)...”
Published in Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (2018)
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867by Boudhar, A., Duchemin, Benoît, Hanich, L., Jarlan, Lionel, Chaponniere, A., Maisongrande, Philippe, Boulet, Gilles, Chehbouni, GhaniContributors: “...International Water Management Institute CGIAR, Ghana (IWMI)...”
Published in International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation (2010)
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868by Masello, Juan, Quillfeldt, Petra, Sandoval-Castellanos, Edson, Alderman, Rachael, Calderón, Luciano, Cherel, Yves, Cole, Theresa, Cuthbert, Richard, Marin, Manuel, Massaro, Melanie, Navarro, Joan, Phillips, Richard, Ryan, Peter, Shepherd, Lara, Suazo, Cristián, Weimerskirch, Henri, Moodley, YoshanContributors: “...Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment...”
Published in Molecular Biology and Evolution (2019)
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869by Masello, Juan, Quillfeldt, Petra, Sandoval-Castellanos, Edson, Alderman, Rachael, Calderón, Luciano, Cherel, Yves, Cole, Theresa, Cuthbert, Richard, Marin, Manuel, Massaro, Melanie, Navarro, Joan, Phillips, Richard, Ryan, Peter, Shepherd, Lara, Suazo, Cristián, Weimerskirch, Henri, Moodley, YoshanContributors: “...Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment...”
Published in Molecular Biology and Evolution (2019)
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870by Dokulil, Martin T., Jagsch, Albert, George, Glen D., Anneville, Orlane, Jankowski, Thomas, Wahl, Bernd, Lenhart, Brigitte, Blenchner, Thorsten, Teubner, KatrinContributors: “...Federal Bureau of water management...”
Published 2006
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871by Fourquez, Marion, Bressac, Matthieu, Deppeler, Stacy, Ellwood, Michael, Obernosterer, Ingrid, Trull, Thomas, Boyd, PhilipContributors: “...National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Wellington (NIWA)...”
Published in Frontiers in Marine Science (2020)
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872by Manceau, Alain, Brossier, Romain, Janssen, Sarah, Rosera, Tylor, Krabbenhoft, David, Cherel, Yves, Bustamante, Paco, Poulin, BrettContributors: “...Upper Midwest Water Science Center...”
Published in Environmental Science & Technology (2021)
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873
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874by Manceau, Alain, Brossier, Romain, Janssen, Sarah, Rosera, Tylor, Krabbenhoft, David, Cherel, Yves, Bustamante, Paco, Poulin, BrettContributors: “...Upper Midwest Water Science Center...”
Published in Environmental Science & Technology (2021)
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875by Sjöberg, Ylva, Siewert, Matthias, Rudy, Ashley C.A., Paquette, Michel, Bouchard, Frédéric, Malenfant‐lepage, Julie, Fritz, MichaelContributors: “...Univ Laval, Dept Civil & Water Engn, Quebec City, PQ, Canada...”
Published in Permafrost and Periglacial Processes (2020)
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876by Sjöberg, Ylva, Siewert, Matthias, Rudy, Ashley C.A., Paquette, Michel, Bouchard, Frédéric, Malenfant‐lepage, Julie, Fritz, MichaelContributors: “...Univ Laval, Dept Civil & Water Engn, Quebec City, PQ, Canada...”
Published in Permafrost and Periglacial Processes (2020)
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877by Lerebours, Adélaïde, Murzina, Svetlana, Song, You, Tollefsen, Knut, Benedetti, Maura, Regoli, Francesco, Rotchell, Jeanette, Nahrgang, JasmineContributors: “...Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA)...”
Published in Marine Environmental Research (2021)
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878by Sjöberg, Ylva, Siewert, Matthias, Rudy, Ashley C.A., Paquette, Michel, Bouchard, Frédéric, Malenfant‐lepage, Julie, Fritz, MichaelContributors: “...Univ Laval, Dept Civil & Water Engn, Quebec City, PQ, Canada...”
Published in Permafrost and Periglacial Processes (2020)
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879by Xavier, J. C., Cherel, Yves, Ceia, R., Queirós, P., Guimarães, B., Rosa, R., Cunningham, D., Moors, P., Thompson, D.Contributors: “...National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Auckland (NIWA)...”
Published in Polar Biology (2018)
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880by Dokulil, Martin T., Jagsch, Albert, George, Glen D., Anneville, Orlane, Jankowski, Thomas, Wahl, Bernd, Lenhart, Brigitte, Blenchner, Thorsten, Teubner, KatrinContributors: “...Federal Bureau of water management...”
Published 2006
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