Water
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Water is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . It is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance. It is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms (in which it acts as a solvent). It is vital for all known forms of life, despite not providing food energy or organic micronutrients. Its chemical formula, , indicates that each of its molecules contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms, connected by covalent bonds. The hydrogen atoms are attached to the oxygen atom at an angle of 104.45°. In liquid form, is also called "water" at standard temperature and pressure.
Because Earth's environment is relatively close to water's triple point, water exists on Earth as a solid, a liquid, and a gas. It forms precipitation in the form of rain and aerosols in the form of fog. Clouds consist of suspended droplets of water and ice, its solid state. When finely divided, crystalline ice may precipitate in the form of snow. The gaseous state of water is steam or water vapor.
Water covers about 71% of the Earth's surface, with seas and oceans making up most of the water volume (about 96.5%). Small portions of water occur as groundwater (1.7%), in the glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland (1.7%), and in the air as vapor, clouds (consisting of ice and liquid water suspended in air), and precipitation (0.001%). Water moves continually through the water cycle of evaporation, transpiration (evapotranspiration), condensation, precipitation, and runoff, usually reaching the sea.
Water plays an important role in the world economy. Approximately 70% of the fresh water used by humans goes to agriculture. Fishing in salt and fresh water bodies has been, and continues to be, a major source of food for many parts of the world, providing 6.5% of global protein. Much of the long-distance trade of commodities (such as oil, natural gas, and manufactured products) is transported by boats through seas, rivers, lakes, and canals. Large quantities of water, ice, and steam are used for cooling and heating in industry and homes. Water is an excellent solvent for a wide variety of substances, both mineral and organic; as such, it is widely used in industrial processes and in cooking and washing. Water, ice, and snow are also central to many sports and other forms of entertainment, such as swimming, pleasure boating, boat racing, surfing, sport fishing, diving, ice skating, snowboarding, and skiing.
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821by Qin, Yue, Lei, Huimin, Yang, Dawen, Gao, Bing, Wang, Yuhan, Cong, Zhentao, Fan, WenjieContributors: “...China Univ Geosci, Sch Water Resources & Environm, Beijing 100083, Peoples R China....”
Published in Journal of Hydrology (2016)
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822by Velazco, V., Wood, S. W., Sinnhuber, M., Kramer, I., Jones, N. B., Kasai, Y., Notholt, J., Warneke, T., Blumenstock, T., Hase, F., Murcray, F. J., Schrems, O.Contributors: “...National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Auckland (NIWA)...”
Published 2006
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823by Velazco, V., Wood, S. W., Sinnhuber, M., Kramer, I., Jones, N. B., Kasai, Y., Notholt, J., Warneke, T., Blumenstock, T., Hase, F., Murcray, F. J., Schrems, O.Contributors: “...National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Auckland (NIWA)...”
Published 2007
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824by Vacquié-Garcia, Jade, Lydersen, Christian, Lydersen, Espen, Christensen, Guttorm N., Guinet, C, Kovacs, KmContributors: “...Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA)...”
Published in Marine Ecology Progress Series (2021)
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825by Vacquié-Garcia, Jade, Lydersen, Christian, Lydersen, Espen, Christensen, Guttorm N., Guinet, C, Kovacs, KMContributors: “...Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA)...”
Published in Marine Ecology Progress Series (2021)
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826Contributors: “...Geophysics and Water Resources...”
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827by Lerebours, Adélaïde, Murzina, Svetlana, Song, You, Tollefsen, Knut, Benedetti, Maura, Regoli, Francesco, Rotchell, Jeanette, Nahrgang, JasmineContributors: “...Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA)...”
Published in Marine Environmental Research (2021)
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828
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829
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830by A. V. Lusis, L. A. Ivanova, T. T. Gorbachyova, A. V. Rumyantseva, А. В. Лусис, Л. А. Иванова, Т. Т. Горбачева, А. В. РумянцеваContributors: “... under the conditions of reduced water consumption” (Project 17-45-510205), was conducted between 2017...”
Published 2023
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831by Casal, Paulo, Castro-Jiménez, Javier, Pizarro, Mariana, Katsoyiannis, Athanasios, Dachs, JordiContributors: “...Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA)...”
Published in Science of The Total Environment (2018)
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832by Vacquié-Garcia, Jade, Lydersen, Christian, Lydersen, Espen, Christensen, Guttorm N., Guinet, C, Kovacs, KmContributors: “...Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA)...”
Published in Marine Ecology Progress Series (2021)
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833Contributors: “...Geophysics and Water Resources...”
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834Contributors: “...Geophysics and Water Resources...”
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835by Kahlert, Maria, Bailet, Bonnie, Chonova, Teofana, Karjalainen, Satu Maaria, Schneider, Susanne, Tapolczai, KálmánContributors: “...Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA)...”
Published in Ecological Indicators (2021)
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836Contributors: “...Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience (CAWR)...”
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837Contributors: “...Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience (CAWR)...”
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838by Casal, Paulo, Castro-Jiménez, Javier, Pizarro, Mariana, Katsoyiannis, Athanasios, Dachs, JordiContributors: “...Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA)...”
Published in Science of The Total Environment (2018)
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839by Casal, Paulo, Castro-Jiménez, Javier, Pizarro, Mariana, Katsoyiannis, Athanasios, Dachs, JordiContributors: “...Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA)...”
Published in Science of The Total Environment (2018)
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840by Bechshoft, Thea, Derocher, Andrew E., Richardson, Evan, Lunn, Nicholas J., St. Louis, Vincent L.Contributors: “...Manitoba Conservation and Water Stewardship...”
Published in Environmental Science & Technology (2016)
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