Water
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Water is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . It is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance. It is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms (in which it acts as a solvent). It is vital for all known forms of life, despite not providing food energy or organic micronutrients. Its chemical formula, , indicates that each of its molecules contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms, connected by covalent bonds. The hydrogen atoms are attached to the oxygen atom at an angle of 104.45°. In liquid form, is also called "water" at standard temperature and pressure.
Because Earth's environment is relatively close to water's triple point, water exists on Earth as a solid, a liquid, and a gas. It forms precipitation in the form of rain and aerosols in the form of fog. Clouds consist of suspended droplets of water and ice, its solid state. When finely divided, crystalline ice may precipitate in the form of snow. The gaseous state of water is steam or water vapor.
Water covers about 71% of the Earth's surface, with seas and oceans making up most of the water volume (about 96.5%). Small portions of water occur as groundwater (1.7%), in the glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland (1.7%), and in the air as vapor, clouds (consisting of ice and liquid water suspended in air), and precipitation (0.001%). Water moves continually through the water cycle of evaporation, transpiration (evapotranspiration), condensation, precipitation, and runoff, usually reaching the sea.
Water plays an important role in the world economy. Approximately 70% of the fresh water used by humans goes to agriculture. Fishing in salt and fresh water bodies has been, and continues to be, a major source of food for many parts of the world, providing 6.5% of global protein. Much of the long-distance trade of commodities (such as oil, natural gas, and manufactured products) is transported by boats through seas, rivers, lakes, and canals. Large quantities of water, ice, and steam are used for cooling and heating in industry and homes. Water is an excellent solvent for a wide variety of substances, both mineral and organic; as such, it is widely used in industrial processes and in cooking and washing. Water, ice, and snow are also central to many sports and other forms of entertainment, such as swimming, pleasure boating, boat racing, surfing, sport fishing, diving, ice skating, snowboarding, and skiing.
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741by Scherer, Laura, Svenning, Jens-Christian, Huang, Jing, Seymour, Colleen, Sandel, Brody, Mueller, Nathaniel, Kummu, Matti, Bekunda, Mateete, Bruelheide, Helge, Hochman, Zvi, Siebert, Stefan, Rueda, Oscar, van Bodegom, Peter M.Contributors: “...Water and Environmental Eng....”
Published in Science of The Total Environment (2020)
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742by Warren, Victoria E., Constantine, Rochelle, Noad, Michael, Garrigue, Claire, Garland, Ellen C.Contributors: “...National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research...”
Published in Royal Society Open Science (2020)
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743by Yin, Yixing, Xu, Chong-Yu, Chen, Haishan, Li, Lu, Xu, Hongliang, Li, Hong, Jain, Sharad K.Contributors: “...Xu, CY (reprint author), Wuhan Univ, State Key Lab Water Resources & Hydropower Engn S, Wuhan...”
Published in Global and Planetary Change (2016)
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744by Azaroff, Alyssa, Miossec, Carole, Lanceleur, Laurent, Guyoneaud, Remy, Monperrus, MathildeContributors: “...the Adour Garonne Water Agency...”
Published in Science of The Total Environment (2020)
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745by Azaroff, Alyssa, Miossec, Carole, Lanceleur, Laurent, Guyoneaud, Rémy, Monperrus, MathildeContributors: “...the Adour Garonne Water Agency...”
Published in Science of The Total Environment (2020)
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746by Janc, Anaïs, Dambrine, Chloé, Lambert, Patrick, Lassalle, Géraldine, Lepage, Mario, Lobry, Jérémy, Pierre, Maud, Kristiansen, Trond, Butenschön, Momme, Cabral, HenriqueContributors: “...Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA)...”
Published 2022
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747by MacIntyre, Sally, Sickman, James O., Goldthwait, Sarah A., Kling, George W.Contributors: “...Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611...”
Published in Limnology and Oceanography (2006)
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748Contributors: “...The study was funded by the Russian Science Foundation, grant No. 21-47-00008 (terrestrial water...”
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749by Zhao, Li, Xie, Tao, Perrie, William, Yang, JingsongContributors: “...Surface Water and Ocean Topography...”
Published in IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing (2023)
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750by Keuper, Frida, Wild, Birgit, Kummu, Matti, Beer, Christian, Blume-Werry, Gesche, Fontaine, Sébastien, Gavazov, Konstantin, Gentsch, Norman, Guggenberger, Georg, Hugelius, Gustaf, Jalava, Mika, Koven, Charles, Krab, Eveline J., Kuhry, Peter, Monteux, Sylvain, Richter, Andreas, Shahzad, Tanvir, Weedon, James T., Dorrepaal, EllenContributors: “...Water and Environmental Eng....”
Published in Nature Geoscience (2020)
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751by Azaroff, Alyssa, Miossec, Carole, Lanceleur, Laurent, Guyoneaud, Remy, Monperrus, MathildeContributors: “...the Adour Garonne Water Agency...”
Published in Science of The Total Environment (2020)
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752by Taise, Aleluia, Krieger, Erik, Bury, Sarah J., Cornwall, Christopher E.Contributors: “...National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd (NIWA), Wellington, New Zealand...”
Published in New Zealand Journal of Botany (2023)
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753by Lu, Yiru, Zhang, Biao, Perrie, WilliamContributors: “...Canadian Space Agency through the Surface Water Ocean Topography (SWOT) Program at Fisheries...”
Published in IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (2023)
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754by Azaroff, Alyssa, Goñi, Marisol, Gassie, Claire, Monperrus, Mathilde, Guyoneaud, RémyContributors: “...Adour Garonne Water Agency (Micropolit Project)...”
Published in Environmental Pollution (2020)
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755by Azaroff, Alyssa, Goñi, Marisol, Gassie, Claire, Monperrus, Mathilde, Guyoneaud, RemyContributors: “...Adour Garonne Water Agency (Micropolit Project)...”
Published in Environmental Pollution (2020)
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756by Wade, T. L., Fang, J., Yu, Y., Brooks, J. M., McDonald, S.Contributors: “...Cincinnati Water Works, 5651 Kellogg Avenue, 45228, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA...”
Published in Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (1995)
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757by Azaroff, Alyssa, Goñi, Marisol, Gassie, Claire, Monperrus, Mathilde, Guyoneaud, RemyContributors: “...Adour Garonne Water Agency (Micropolit Project)...”
Published in Environmental Pollution (2020)
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758by Techow, N.M.S.M., O’Ryan, C., Phillips, R.A., Gales, R., Marin, M., Patterson-Fraser, D., Quintana, F., Ritz, M.S., Thompson, D.R., Wanless, R.M., Weimerskirch, H., Ryan, P.G.Contributors: “...Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries and Water...”
Published in Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution (2010)
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759by Smith, Chris, Papadopoulou, Nadia, Sevastou, Katerina, Franco, Anita, Teixeira, Heliana, Piroddi, Chiara, Katsanevakis, Stelios, Fürhaupter, Karin, Beauchard, Olivier, Cochrane, Sabine, Ramsvatn, Silje, Feral, Jean-Pierre, Chenuil, Anne, David, Romain, Kiriakopoulou, Niki, Zaiko, Anastasija, Moncheva, Snejana, Stefanova, Kremena, Churilova, Tanya, Kryvenko, OlgaContributors: “...Water Resources Unit Ispra...”
Published 2014
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760by Smith, Chris, Papadopoulou, Nadia, Sevastou, Katerina, Franco, Anita, Teixeira, Heliana, Piroddi, Chiara, Katsanevakis, Stelios, Fürhaupter, Karin, Beauchard, Olivier, Cochrane, Sabine, K.J., Ramsvatn, Silje, Feral, Jean-Pierre, Chenuil, Anne, David, Romain, Kiriakopoulou, Niki, Zaiko, Anastasija, Moncheva, Snejana, Stefanova, Kremena, Churilova, Tanya, Kryvenko, OlgaContributors: “...Water Resources Unit Ispra...”
Published 2014
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