Water
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Water is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . It is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance. It is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms (in which it acts as a solvent). It is vital for all known forms of life, despite not providing food energy or organic micronutrients. Its chemical formula, , indicates that each of its molecules contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms, connected by covalent bonds. The hydrogen atoms are attached to the oxygen atom at an angle of 104.45°. In liquid form, is also called "water" at standard temperature and pressure.
Because Earth's environment is relatively close to water's triple point, water exists on Earth as a solid, a liquid, and a gas. It forms precipitation in the form of rain and aerosols in the form of fog. Clouds consist of suspended droplets of water and ice, its solid state. When finely divided, crystalline ice may precipitate in the form of snow. The gaseous state of water is steam or water vapor.
Water covers about 71% of the Earth's surface, with seas and oceans making up most of the water volume (about 96.5%). Small portions of water occur as groundwater (1.7%), in the glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland (1.7%), and in the air as vapor, clouds (consisting of ice and liquid water suspended in air), and precipitation (0.001%). Water moves continually through the water cycle of evaporation, transpiration (evapotranspiration), condensation, precipitation, and runoff, usually reaching the sea.
Water plays an important role in the world economy. Approximately 70% of the fresh water used by humans goes to agriculture. Fishing in salt and fresh water bodies has been, and continues to be, a major source of food for many parts of the world, providing 6.5% of global protein. Much of the long-distance trade of commodities (such as oil, natural gas, and manufactured products) is transported by boats through seas, rivers, lakes, and canals. Large quantities of water, ice, and steam are used for cooling and heating in industry and homes. Water is an excellent solvent for a wide variety of substances, both mineral and organic; as such, it is widely used in industrial processes and in cooking and washing. Water, ice, and snow are also central to many sports and other forms of entertainment, such as swimming, pleasure boating, boat racing, surfing, sport fishing, diving, ice skating, snowboarding, and skiing.
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701Contributors: “...National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Lauder (NIWA)...”
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702Contributors: “...National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Lauder (NIWA)...”
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703by Gavel, Melody J., Patterson, R. Timothy, Nasser, Nawaf A., Galloway, Jennifer M., Hanna, Bruce W., Cott, Peter A., Roe, Helen M., Falck, HendrikContributors: “...Polar Knowledge Canada, Royal Bank of Canada Blue Water Project, City of Yellowknife, Giant Mine...”
Published in PeerJ (2018)
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704
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705
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706by Guerra, Paula, Alaee, Mehran, Jiménez, Begoña, Pacepavicius, Grazina, Marvin, Chris, MacInnis, Gordia, Eljarrat, Ethel, Barceló, Damià, Champoux, Louise, Fernie, KimContributors: “...Water Science and Technology...”
Published in Environment International (2012)
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707by Brasseur, Sophie M. J. M., Reijnders, Peter J. H., Cremer, Jenny, Meesters, Erik, Kirkwood, Roger, Jensen, Lasse Fast, Jeβ, Armin, Galatius, Anders, Teilmann, Jonas, Aarts, GeertContributors: “...The Danish Agency for Water and Nature Management...”
Published in PLOS ONE (2018)
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708by Breitwieser, Marine, Thomas-Guyon, Hélène, Huet, Valérie, Sagerup, Kjetil, Geraudie, PerrineContributors: “...Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA)...”
Published in Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety (2018)
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710Contributors: “...University of Iceland Trust Fund, and Targeted Investment in Excellence, Climate, Water and Carbon...”
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711by Poikane, Sandra, Portielje, Rob, Denys, Luc, Elferts, Didzis, Kelly, Martyn, Kolada, Agnieszka, Mäemets, Helle, Phillips, Geoff, Søndergaard, Martin, Willby, Nigel, van den Berg, Marcel SContributors: “...Rijkswaterstaat Water, Traffic and the Environment...”
Published in Ecological Indicators (2018)
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712
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713
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714by Hodgkins, G., Hannaford, J., Whitfield, P.H., Donald H. Burn, -, Renard, Benjamin, Fleig, A., Stahl, Konrad, Madsen, H., Korhonen, J., Murphy, C;, Crochet, Pierre-André, Wilson, D.Contributors: “...NORWEGIAN WATER RESOURCES AND ENERGY DIRECTORATE OSLO NOR...”
Published 2013
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715by Zhang, Jianhua, Duke, Mikel, Northcott, Kathy, Packer, Michael, Allinson, Mayumi, Allinson, Graeme, Kadokami, Kiwao, Tan, Jace, Allard, Sebastian, Croué, Jean-Philippe, Knight, Adrian, Scales, Peter, Gray, StephenContributors: “...Veolia, Bendigo Water Treatment Plant, Bendigo 3555...”
Published in Water (2017)
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716by Ji, Xiaowen, Abakumov, Evgeny, Polyako, Vyacheslav, Xie, Xianchuan, Dongyang, WeiContributors: “...Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment...”
Published in Environmental Pollution (2019)
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717by Teichert, Nils, Lizé, Anne, Cabral, Henrique, Acou, Anthony, Trancart, Thomas, Virag, Laure-Sarah, Feunteun, Eric, Carpentier, AlexandreContributors: “... Garonne Water Agency, Loire Bretagne Water Agency, Seine Normandie Water Agency and Artois Picardie Water...”
Published in Science of The Total Environment (2023)
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718by Teichert, Nils, Lizé, Anne, Cabral, Henrique, Acou, Anthony, Trancart, Thomas, Virag, Laure-Sarah, Feunteun, Eric, Carpentier, AlexandreContributors: “... Garonne Water Agency, Loire Bretagne Water Agency, Seine Normandie Water Agency and Artois Picardie Water...”
Published in Science of The Total Environment (2023)
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719by Roberts, J. L., Warner, R. C., Young, D., Wright, A., van Ommen, T. D., Blankenship, D. D., Siegert, M., Young, N. W., Tabacco, I. E., Forieri, A., Passerini, A., Zirizzotti, A., Frezzotti, M.Contributors: “...Roberts, J. L.; Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities...”
Published in The Cryosphere (2011)
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720by Rowan, Ann V., Nicholson, Lindsey I., Quincey, Duncan J., Gibson, Morgan J., Irvine-Fynn, Tristram D.L., Watson, C. Scott, Wagnon, Patrick, Rounce, David R., Thompson, Sarah S., Porter, Philip R., Glasser, Neil F.Contributors: “...Water and Environment...”
Published 2020
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