Water
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Water is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . It is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance. It is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms (in which it acts as a solvent). It is vital for all known forms of life, despite not providing food energy or organic micronutrients. Its chemical formula, , indicates that each of its molecules contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms, connected by covalent bonds. The hydrogen atoms are attached to the oxygen atom at an angle of 104.45°. In liquid form, is also called "water" at standard temperature and pressure.
Because Earth's environment is relatively close to water's triple point, water exists on Earth as a solid, a liquid, and a gas. It forms precipitation in the form of rain and aerosols in the form of fog. Clouds consist of suspended droplets of water and ice, its solid state. When finely divided, crystalline ice may precipitate in the form of snow. The gaseous state of water is steam or water vapor.
Water covers about 71% of the Earth's surface, with seas and oceans making up most of the water volume (about 96.5%). Small portions of water occur as groundwater (1.7%), in the glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland (1.7%), and in the air as vapor, clouds (consisting of ice and liquid water suspended in air), and precipitation (0.001%). Water moves continually through the water cycle of evaporation, transpiration (evapotranspiration), condensation, precipitation, and runoff, usually reaching the sea.
Water plays an important role in the world economy. Approximately 70% of the fresh water used by humans goes to agriculture. Fishing in salt and fresh water bodies has been, and continues to be, a major source of food for many parts of the world, providing 6.5% of global protein. Much of the long-distance trade of commodities (such as oil, natural gas, and manufactured products) is transported by boats through seas, rivers, lakes, and canals. Large quantities of water, ice, and steam are used for cooling and heating in industry and homes. Water is an excellent solvent for a wide variety of substances, both mineral and organic; as such, it is widely used in industrial processes and in cooking and washing. Water, ice, and snow are also central to many sports and other forms of entertainment, such as swimming, pleasure boating, boat racing, surfing, sport fishing, diving, ice skating, snowboarding, and skiing.
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641by Ditmer, Mark A, McGraw, Amanda M, Cornicelli, Louis, Forester, James D, Mahoney, Peter J, Moen, Ron A, Stapleton, Seth P, St-Louis, Véronique, VanderWaal, Kimberly, Carstensen, MichelleContributors: “...Clean Water, Land and Legacy Amendment...”
Published in Journal of Mammalogy (2020)
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642by Wang, Xin, Cao, Lei, Bysykatova, Inga, Xu, Zhenggang, Rozenfeld, Sonia, Jeong, Wooseog, Vangeluwe, Didier, Zhao, Yunlin, Xie, Tianhe, Yi, Kunpeng, Fox, Anthony DavidContributors: “...Water Ecological Security Assessment...”
Published in PeerJ (2018)
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643
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644by Frommel, Andrea Y., Brauner, Colin J., Allan, Bridie J.M., Nicol, Simon, Parsons, Darren M., Pether, Steve M.J., Setiawan, Alvin N., Smith, Neville, Munday, Philip L.Contributors: “...New Zealand’s National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research...”
Published in PeerJ (2019)
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645by Richardson, Katherine, Steffen, Will, Lucht, Wolfgang, Bendtsen, Jørgen, Cornell, Sarah E., Donges, Jonathan F., Drüke, Markus, Fetzer, Ingo, Bala, Govindasamy, von Bloh, Werner, Feulner, Georg, Fiedler, Stephanie, Gerten, Dieter, Gleeson, Tom, Hofmann, Matthias, Huiskamp, Willem, Kummu, Matti, Mohan, Chinchu, Nogués-Bravo, David, Petri, Stefan, Porkka, Miina, Rahmstorf, Stefan, Schaphoff, Sibyll, Thonicke, Kirsten, Tobian, Arne, Virkki, Vili, Wang-Erlandsson, Lan, Weber, Lisa, Rockström, JohanContributors: “...Water and Environmental Eng....”
Published in Science Advances (2023)
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646by Shaffer, Scott A., Weimerskirch, Henri, Scott, Darren, Pinaud, David, Thompson, David R., Sagar, Paul M., Moller, Henrik, Taylor, Graeme A., Foley, David G., Tremblay, Yann, Costa, Daniel P.Contributors: “...National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Wellington (NIWA)...”
Published in Marine Ecology Progress Series (2009)
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647by Shaffer, Scott A., Weimerskirch, Henri, Scott, Darren, Pinaud, David, Thompson, David R., Sagar, Paul M., Moller, Henrik, Taylor, Graeme A., Foley, David G., Tremblay, Yann, Costa, Daniel P.Contributors: “...National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Wellington (NIWA)...”
Published in Marine Ecology Progress Series (2009)
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648
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649by Shaffer, Scott A., Weimerskirch, Henri, Scott, Darren, Pinaud, David, Thompson, David R., Sagar, Paul M., Moller, Henrik, Taylor, Graeme A., Foley, David G., Tremblay, Yann, Costa, Daniel P.Contributors: “...National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Wellington (NIWA)...”
Published in Marine Ecology Progress Series (2009)
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650by Rowan, Ann V., Nicholson, Lindsey I., Quincey, Duncan J., Gibson, Morgan J., Irvine-Fynn, Tristram D.L., Watson, C. Scott, Wagnon, Patrick, Rounce, David R., Thompson, Sarah S., Porter, Philip R., Glasser, Neil F.Contributors: “...Water and Environment...”
Published 2020
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651
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652Contributors: “...Swedish Association of Water Regulation Enterprises...”
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653by Shuttleworth, R., Bostock, H.C., Chalk, T.B., Calvo, E., Jaccard, S.L., Pelejero, C., Martínez-García, A., Foster, G.L.Contributors: “...National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research...”
Published in Earth and Planetary Science Letters (2021)
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654by Irvine‐Fynn, Tristram D. L., Holt, Tom O., James, Timothy D., Smith, Mark W., Rutter, Nick, Porter, Philip R., Hodson, Andrew J.Contributors: “...Water and Environment...”
Published 2022
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655by Stevens, Ian T., Irvine-Fynn, Tristram D. L., Edwards, Arwyn, Mitchell, Andrew C., Cook, Joseph M., Porter, Philip R., Holt, Tom O., Huss, Matthias, Fettweis, Xavier, Moorman, Brian J., Sattler, Birgit, Hodson, Andy J.Contributors: “...Water and Environment...”
Published 2022
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656by Howard, Rachel D., Schul, Monica D., Rodriguez Bravo, Lucia M., Altieri, Andrew H., Meyer, Julie L.Contributors: “...Department of Soil, Water, and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA...”
Published in Applied and Environmental Microbiology (2023)
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657by Yu, Congrong, Sun, Yufeng, Zhong, Xiaoyan, Yu, Zhongbo, Li, Xiangying, Yi, Peng, Jin, Huijun, Luo, DongliangContributors: “...the Open research fund of State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic...”
Published in Environmental Pollutants and Bioavailability (2019)
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658Contributors: “...National Water Research Institute (NWRI) of Environment Canada...”
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659by Piazza, Paola, Błażewicz-Paszkowycz, Magdalena, Ghiglione, Claudio, Alvaro, Maria Chiara, Schnabel, Kareen, Schiaparelli, StefanoContributors: “...National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA)...”
Published in ZooKeys (2014)
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660by Bass, Adrian M., Munksgaard, Niels C., O’Grady, Damien, Williams, Michael J.M., Bostock, Helen C., Rintoul, Stephen R., Bird, Michael I.Contributors: “...National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research...”
Published in Journal of Marine Systems (2014)
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