Water
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Water is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . It is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance. It is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms (in which it acts as a solvent). It is vital for all known forms of life, despite not providing food energy or organic micronutrients. Its chemical formula, , indicates that each of its molecules contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms, connected by covalent bonds. The hydrogen atoms are attached to the oxygen atom at an angle of 104.45°. In liquid form, is also called "water" at standard temperature and pressure.
Because Earth's environment is relatively close to water's triple point, water exists on Earth as a solid, a liquid, and a gas. It forms precipitation in the form of rain and aerosols in the form of fog. Clouds consist of suspended droplets of water and ice, its solid state. When finely divided, crystalline ice may precipitate in the form of snow. The gaseous state of water is steam or water vapor.
Water covers about 71% of the Earth's surface, with seas and oceans making up most of the water volume (about 96.5%). Small portions of water occur as groundwater (1.7%), in the glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland (1.7%), and in the air as vapor, clouds (consisting of ice and liquid water suspended in air), and precipitation (0.001%). Water moves continually through the water cycle of evaporation, transpiration (evapotranspiration), condensation, precipitation, and runoff, usually reaching the sea.
Water plays an important role in the world economy. Approximately 70% of the fresh water used by humans goes to agriculture. Fishing in salt and fresh water bodies has been, and continues to be, a major source of food for many parts of the world, providing 6.5% of global protein. Much of the long-distance trade of commodities (such as oil, natural gas, and manufactured products) is transported by boats through seas, rivers, lakes, and canals. Large quantities of water, ice, and steam are used for cooling and heating in industry and homes. Water is an excellent solvent for a wide variety of substances, both mineral and organic; as such, it is widely used in industrial processes and in cooking and washing. Water, ice, and snow are also central to many sports and other forms of entertainment, such as swimming, pleasure boating, boat racing, surfing, sport fishing, diving, ice skating, snowboarding, and skiing.
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521Contributors: “...North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power Graduate Students’ Innovative Projects...”
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522Contributors: “...Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management...”
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523by Ledesma, José L. J., Grabs, Thomas, Bishop, Kevin H., Schiff, Sherry L., Köhler, Stephan J.Contributors: “...Formas (ForWater)...”
Published in Global Change Biology (2015)
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524by McCutcheon, Jenine, Lutz, Stefanie, Williamson, Christopher, Cook, Joseph M., Tedstone, Andrew J., Vanderstraeten, Aubry, Wilson, Siobhan A., Stockdale, Anthony, Bonneville, Steeve, Anesio, Alexandre M., Yallop, Marian L., McQuaid, James B., Tranter, Martyn, Benning, Liane G.Contributors: “...Laboratory for Stable Isotopes and Elemental Analyses in Sediments and Water Samples (GFZ German...”
Published 2021
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525Contributors: “...National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Wellington (NIWA)...”
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526by Rexer-Huber, Kalinka, Parker, Graham C., Sagar, Paul M., Thompson, David R.Contributors: “...National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research...”
Published in Polar Biology (2016)
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527by HDR Engineering, Inc.Contributors: “...Texas Water Development Board...”
Published 2015
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528by Smith, I.J., Gough, A.J., Langhorne, P.J., Mahoney, A.R., Leonard, G.H., Van Hale, R., Jendersie, S., Haskell, T.G.Contributors: “...National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd (NIWA...”
Published in Cold Regions Science and Technology (2015)
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529Contributors: “...Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment...”
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530Contributors: “...National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Wellington (NIWA)...”
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531by Gordó-Vilaseca, Francesc, Stephenson, Fabrice, Coll, MartaContributors: “...National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research...”
Published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2023)
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532by Gagné, Kristin R., Ewers, Sara C., Murphy, Carl J., Daanen, Ronald, Walter Anthony, Katey, Guerard, Jennifer J.Contributors: “...National Institutes for Water Resources...”
Published in Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts (2020)
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533by Martínez-Espiñeira, Roberto, García-Valiñas, María A., Matesanz, DavidContributors: “...ANR-18-WTW7-0002,NEWTS,Nudges for Economics of Water Tariffs(2018)...”
Published in Energy Economics (2019)
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534by Martínez-Espiñeira, Roberto, García-Valiñas, María A., Matesanz, DavidContributors: “...ANR-18-WTW7-0002,NEWTS,Nudges for Economics of Water Tariffs(2018)...”
Published in Energy Economics (2019)
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535by Helle, Kristin, Quintela, Maria, Taggart, John B, Seliussen, Bjørghild, Dahle, Geir, Glover, Kevin A, Johansen, TorildContributors: “...Norwegian Institute for Water Research...”
Published in Conservation Genetics Resources (2020)
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536by Maugendre, L., Gattuso, J.-P., de Kluijver, A., Soetaert, K., van Oevelen, D., Middelburg, J.J., Gazeau, F.Contributors: “...Rhone-Mediterranean and Corsica Water Agency...”
Published in Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science (2017)
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537
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538by Gamain, Perrine, Gonzalez, Patrice, Cachot, Jérôme, Pardon, Patrick, Tapie, Nathalie, Gourves, Pierre Yves, Budzinski, Hélène, Morin, BénédicteContributors: “...Water Agency Adour Garonne (AEAG)...”
Published in Marine Environmental Research (2016)
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539by Celussi, Mauro, Malfatti, Francesca, Annalisa, Franzo, Gazeau, Frédéric, Giannakourou, Antonia, Pitta, Paraskevi, Tsiola, Anastasia, Del Negro, PaolaContributors: “...Rhone-Mediterranean and Corsica Water Agency...”
Published in Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science (2017)
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540by Near, Thomas J., MacGuigan, Daniel J., Parker, Elyse, Struthers, Carl D., Jones, Christopher D., Dornburg, AlexContributors: “...NZ National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd...”
Published in Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution (2018)
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