Water
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Water is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . It is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance. It is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms (in which it acts as a solvent). It is vital for all known forms of life, despite not providing food energy or organic micronutrients. Its chemical formula, , indicates that each of its molecules contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms, connected by covalent bonds. The hydrogen atoms are attached to the oxygen atom at an angle of 104.45°. In liquid form, is also called "water" at standard temperature and pressure.
Because Earth's environment is relatively close to water's triple point, water exists on Earth as a solid, a liquid, and a gas. It forms precipitation in the form of rain and aerosols in the form of fog. Clouds consist of suspended droplets of water and ice, its solid state. When finely divided, crystalline ice may precipitate in the form of snow. The gaseous state of water is steam or water vapor.
Water covers about 71% of the Earth's surface, with seas and oceans making up most of the water volume (about 96.5%). Small portions of water occur as groundwater (1.7%), in the glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland (1.7%), and in the air as vapor, clouds (consisting of ice and liquid water suspended in air), and precipitation (0.001%). Water moves continually through the water cycle of evaporation, transpiration (evapotranspiration), condensation, precipitation, and runoff, usually reaching the sea.
Water plays an important role in the world economy. Approximately 70% of the fresh water used by humans goes to agriculture. Fishing in salt and fresh water bodies has been, and continues to be, a major source of food for many parts of the world, providing 6.5% of global protein. Much of the long-distance trade of commodities (such as oil, natural gas, and manufactured products) is transported by boats through seas, rivers, lakes, and canals. Large quantities of water, ice, and steam are used for cooling and heating in industry and homes. Water is an excellent solvent for a wide variety of substances, both mineral and organic; as such, it is widely used in industrial processes and in cooking and washing. Water, ice, and snow are also central to many sports and other forms of entertainment, such as swimming, pleasure boating, boat racing, surfing, sport fishing, diving, ice skating, snowboarding, and skiing.
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481by Gao, Wei, Howarth, Robert W., Swaney, Dennis P., Hong, Bongghi, Guo, Huai ChengContributors: “...Guo, HC (reprint author), Peking Univ, Coll Environm Sci & Engn, Key Lab Water & Sediment Sci...”
Published in Science of The Total Environment (2015)
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482by Stephenson, Fabrice, Goetz, Kimberly, Sharp, Ben R., Mouton, Theophile L., Beets, Fenna L., Roberts, Jim, Macdiarmid, Alison B., Constantine, Rochelle, Lundquist, Carolyn J.Contributors: “...National Institute of Water and Atmosphere Hamilton (NIWA)...”
Published in Diversity and Distributions (2020)
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483by Stephenson, Fabrice, Goetz, Kimberly, Sharp, Ben R., Mouton, Theophile L., Beets, Fenna L., Roberts, Jim, Macdiarmid, Alison B., Constantine, Rochelle, Lundquist, Carolyn J.Contributors: “...National Institute of Water and Atmosphere Hamilton (NIWA)...”
Published in Diversity and Distributions (2020)
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484by Xu, Ling-Xing, Yang, De-Wei, Wu, Tong-Hua, Yi, Shu-Hua, Fang, Yi-Ping, Xiao, Cun-De, Lin, Hao-Xi, Huang, Jin-Chuan, Habimana Simbi, ClaudienContributors: “...National Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment...”
Published in Advances in Climate Change Research (2019)
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485Contributors: “...Institute of Water and Ecology Problems...”
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486by Jung, Hyunjun, Friedman, Brianna, Hwang, Wonseop, Copping, Andrea, Branch, Ruth, Deng, Zhiqun DanielContributors: “...US Department of Energy Water Power Technologies Office...”
Published in Nano Energy (2023)
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487Contributors: “...Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA)...”
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488Contributors: “...Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA)...”
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490Contributors: “...Water Resources Division...”
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491by Rodriguez-Sanchez, Alejandro, Muñoz-Palazon, Barbara, Hurtado-Martinez, Miguel, Maza-Marquez, Paula, Gonzalez-Lopez, Jesus, Vahala, Riku, Gonzalez-Martinez, AlejandroContributors: “...Institute of Water Research...”
Published in Chemosphere (2019)
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492by Gamain, Perrine, Gonzalez, Patrice, Cachot, Jérôme, Clérandeau, Christelle, Mazzella, Nicolas, Gourves, Pierre Yves, Morin, BénédicteContributors: “...Water Agency Adour Garonne...”
Published in Marine Pollution Bulletin (2017)
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493by Fernandes, Wendy P. A., Copp, Gordon H., Riley, William D.Contributors: “...Wessex Water...”
Published in Ecology of Freshwater Fish (2014)
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495by Mercer, Nicholas, Hanrahan, MauraContributors: “...Harris Centre/RBC Water Research and Outreach Fund...”
Published in International Journal of Circumpolar Health (2017)
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496by Machado M.J., Botero B.A., López J., Francés F., Díez-Herrero A., Benito G.Contributors: “...Mexican Institute of Water Technology (IMTA), Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico...”
Published in Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (2015)
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497by Hodgkins, G., Hannaford, J., Whitfield, P.H., Donald H. Burn, Renard, B., Fleig, A., Stahl, K., Madsen, H., Korhonen, J., Murphy, C;, Crochet, P., Wilson, D.Contributors: “...NORWEGIAN WATER RESOURCES AND ENERGY DIRECTORATE OSLO NOR...”
Published 2013
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498by Casini, Michele, Tian, Huidong, Hansson, Martin, Grygiel, Włodzimierz, Strods, Guntars, Statkus, Romas, Sepp, Elor, Gröhsler, Tomas, Orio, Alessandro, Larson, NiklasContributors: “...Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management...”
Published in ICES Journal of Marine Science (2019)
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499by Delille, B., Trevena, Anne, Schoemann, Véronique, Lancelot, Christiane, Lannuzel, Delphine, Sauvée, M.-L., De Jong, Jeroen, Tilbrook, B., Frankignoulle, M., Borges, Alberto Vieira, Tison, Jean-LouisContributors: “...International Liège Colloquium on Ocean Dynamics, Gas transfer at Water Surfaces (37: 2-6 May 2005...”
Published 2005
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500Contributors: “...Dept. of Water and Environmental Studies...”
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