Water
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Water is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . It is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance. It is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms (in which it acts as a solvent). It is vital for all known forms of life, despite not providing food energy or organic micronutrients. Its chemical formula, , indicates that each of its molecules contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms, connected by covalent bonds. The hydrogen atoms are attached to the oxygen atom at an angle of 104.45°. In liquid form, is also called "water" at standard temperature and pressure.
Because Earth's environment is relatively close to water's triple point, water exists on Earth as a solid, a liquid, and a gas. It forms precipitation in the form of rain and aerosols in the form of fog. Clouds consist of suspended droplets of water and ice, its solid state. When finely divided, crystalline ice may precipitate in the form of snow. The gaseous state of water is steam or water vapor.
Water covers about 71% of the Earth's surface, with seas and oceans making up most of the water volume (about 96.5%). Small portions of water occur as groundwater (1.7%), in the glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland (1.7%), and in the air as vapor, clouds (consisting of ice and liquid water suspended in air), and precipitation (0.001%). Water moves continually through the water cycle of evaporation, transpiration (evapotranspiration), condensation, precipitation, and runoff, usually reaching the sea.
Water plays an important role in the world economy. Approximately 70% of the fresh water used by humans goes to agriculture. Fishing in salt and fresh water bodies has been, and continues to be, a major source of food for many parts of the world, providing 6.5% of global protein. Much of the long-distance trade of commodities (such as oil, natural gas, and manufactured products) is transported by boats through seas, rivers, lakes, and canals. Large quantities of water, ice, and steam are used for cooling and heating in industry and homes. Water is an excellent solvent for a wide variety of substances, both mineral and organic; as such, it is widely used in industrial processes and in cooking and washing. Water, ice, and snow are also central to many sports and other forms of entertainment, such as swimming, pleasure boating, boat racing, surfing, sport fishing, diving, ice skating, snowboarding, and skiing.
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461by Doncker, Hendrick, 1626-1699.Contributors: “...Doncker, Hendrick, 1626-1699. Zee-atlas ofte water-waereld....”
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462by Doncker, Hendrick, 1626-1699.Contributors: “...Doncker, Hendrick, 1626-1699. Zee-atlas ofte water-waereld....”
Published 1659
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463by Doncker, Hendrick, 1626-1699.Contributors: “...Doncker, Hendrick, 1626-1699. Zee-atlas ofte water-waereld....”
Published 1659
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464by Barker, S. Fiona, Packer, Michael, Scales, Peter J., Gray, Stephen, Snape, Ian, Hamilton, Andrew J.Contributors: “...Australian Antarctic Division of the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Populations...”
Published in Science of The Total Environment (2013)
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465by Leclerc, Émilie, Venkiteswaran, Jason J., Jasiak, Izabela, Telford, James V., Schultz, Mackenzie D.J., Wolfe, Brent B., Hall, Roland I., Couture, Raoul-MarieContributors: “...Global Water Futures...”
Published in Environmental Pollution (2021)
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466by Doncker, Hendrick, 1626-1699.Contributors: “...Doncker, Hendrick, 1626-1699. Zee-atlas ofte water-waereld....”
Published 1659
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467by Hodgkins, Suzanne B., Richardson, Curtis J., Dommain, René, Wang, Hongjun, Glaser, Paul H., Verbeke, Brittany, Winkler, B. Rose, Cobb, Alexander R., Rich, Virginia I., Missilmani, Malak, Flanagan, Neal, Ho, Mengchi, Hoyt, Alison M., Harvey, Charles F., Vining, S. Rose, Hough, Moira A., Moore, Tim R., Richard, Pierre J. H., De La Cruz, Florentino B., Toufaily, Joumana, Hamdan, Rasha, Cooper, William T., Chanton, Jeffrey P.Contributors: “...Univ Arizona, Dept Soil Water & Environm Sci...”
Published in Nature Communications (2018)
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468Contributors: “...Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA)...”
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469Contributors: “...Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA)...”
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470by Doncker, Hendrick, 1626-1699.Contributors: “...Doncker, Hendrick, 1626-1699. Zee-atlas ofte water-waereld....”
Published 1659
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471by Grear, Molly E., Motley, Michael R., Crofts, Stephanie B., Witt, Amanda E., Summers, Adam P., Ditsche, PetraContributors: “...U.S. Department of Energy Water Power Technology Office...”
Published in Zoology (2018)
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472by Prchalová, Marie, Kubečka, Jan, Říha, Milan, Čech, Martin, Jůza, Tomáš, Ketelaars, Henk A.M., Kratochvíl, Michal, Mrkvička, Tomáš, Peterka, Jiří, Vašek, Mojmír, Wagenvoort, Arco J.Contributors: “...Evides Water Company...”
Published in Limnologica (2013)
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473by Kuglerová, Lenka, Hasselquist, Eliza Maher, Sponseller, Ryan Allen, Muotka, Timo, Hallsby, Göran, Laudon, HjalmarContributors: “...Joint Programming Initiative Water challenges for a changing world...”
Published in Science of The Total Environment (2021)
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474by Cummings, Vonda J., Hewitt, Judi E., Thrush, Simon F., Marriott, Peter M., Halliday, N. Jane, Norkko, AlfContributors: “...National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research...”
Published in Frontiers in Marine Science (2018)
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475by Svedäng, Henrik, Barth, Julia M I, Svenson, Anders, Jonsson, Patrik, Jentoft, Sissel, Knutsen, Halvor, André, CarlContributors: “...Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management...”
Published in ICES Journal of Marine Science (2018)
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476by Owen, Kylie, Carlström, Julia, Eriksson, Pia, Andersson, Mathias, Nordström, Robin, Lalander, Emilia, Sveegaard, Signe, Kyhn, Line A., Griffiths, Emily T., Cosentino, Mel, Tougaard, JakobContributors: “...Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management...”
Published in Marine Pollution Bulletin (2024)
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477by Larsen, Bjørn M., Hesthagen, Trygve, Thorstad, Eva B., Diserud, Ola H.Contributors: “...Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate...”
Published in Ecology of Freshwater Fish (2014)
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478Contributors: “...Global Water Futures...”
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479by Fjeldstad, H.‐P., Barlaup, B. T., Stickler, M., Gabrielsen, S.‐E., Alfredsen, K.Contributors: “...Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate...”
Published in River Research and Applications (2011)
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480by Lindström, Göran, Bishop, Kevin, Löfvenius, Mikaell OttossonContributors: “...Swedish Water Management Research Programme (VASTRA)...”
Published in Hydrological Processes (2002)
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