Water
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Water is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . It is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance. It is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms (in which it acts as a solvent). It is vital for all known forms of life, despite not providing food energy or organic micronutrients. Its chemical formula, , indicates that each of its molecules contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms, connected by covalent bonds. The hydrogen atoms are attached to the oxygen atom at an angle of 104.45°. In liquid form, is also called "water" at standard temperature and pressure.
Because Earth's environment is relatively close to water's triple point, water exists on Earth as a solid, a liquid, and a gas. It forms precipitation in the form of rain and aerosols in the form of fog. Clouds consist of suspended droplets of water and ice, its solid state. When finely divided, crystalline ice may precipitate in the form of snow. The gaseous state of water is steam or water vapor.
Water covers about 71% of the Earth's surface, with seas and oceans making up most of the water volume (about 96.5%). Small portions of water occur as groundwater (1.7%), in the glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland (1.7%), and in the air as vapor, clouds (consisting of ice and liquid water suspended in air), and precipitation (0.001%). Water moves continually through the water cycle of evaporation, transpiration (evapotranspiration), condensation, precipitation, and runoff, usually reaching the sea.
Water plays an important role in the world economy. Approximately 70% of the fresh water used by humans goes to agriculture. Fishing in salt and fresh water bodies has been, and continues to be, a major source of food for many parts of the world, providing 6.5% of global protein. Much of the long-distance trade of commodities (such as oil, natural gas, and manufactured products) is transported by boats through seas, rivers, lakes, and canals. Large quantities of water, ice, and steam are used for cooling and heating in industry and homes. Water is an excellent solvent for a wide variety of substances, both mineral and organic; as such, it is widely used in industrial processes and in cooking and washing. Water, ice, and snow are also central to many sports and other forms of entertainment, such as swimming, pleasure boating, boat racing, surfing, sport fishing, diving, ice skating, snowboarding, and skiing.
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441by Chafe, Roger, Aslanov, Rana, Sarkar, Atanu, Gregory, Peter, Comeau, Alex, Newhook, Leigh AnneContributors: “...Harris Centre RBC Drinking Water and Outreach Research Fund...”
Published in BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care (2018)
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442by Azaroff, Alyssa, Miossec, Carole, Lanceleur, Laurent, Guyoneaud, Rémy, Monperrus, MathildeContributors: “...European Union and the Adour Garonne Water Agency...”
Published in Science of The Total Environment (2020)
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443by Hansen, Martin, Villanger, Gro D., Bechshoft, Thea, Levin, Milton, Routti, Heli, Kovacs, Kit M., Lydersen, ChristianContributors: “...Engineering Research Center for Reinventing the Nation's Water Infrastructure...”
Published in Environmental Research (2017)
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444by Ragush, Colin M., Poltarowicz, Joanna M., Lywood, Justine, Gagnon, Graham A., Truelstrup Hansen, Lisbeth, Jamieson, Rob C.Contributors: “...Government of Nunavut, the Canadian Water Network, and Natural Science and Engineering Research...”
Published in Ecological Engineering (2017)
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445by Wannicke, Nicola, Frey, Claudia, Law, Cliff S., Voss, MarenContributors: “...National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research...”
Published in Global Change Biology (2018)
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446by Yazırlı, BatuhanContributors: “...Hydraulics and Water Resources Engineerin...”
Published 2014
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447Contributors: “...Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment...”
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448Contributors: “...Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment...”
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449by Gregor, D. J., Nriagu, Jerome O., Lawson, G. S.Contributors: “...Environment Canada, National Water Research Institute, Box 5050, L7R 4A6, Burlington, Ontario...”
Published in Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (1994)
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450by Vyverberg, Karen, Dechnik, Belinda, Dutton, Andrea, Webster, Jody M., Zwartz, Dan, Portell, Roger W.Contributors: “...University of Florida Water Institute Graduate Research Fellowship...”
Published in Marine Geology (2018)
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451by Doncker, Hendrick, 1626-1699.Contributors: “...Doncker, Hendrick, 1626-1699. Zee-atlas ofte water-waereld....”
Published 1659
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452by Doncker, Hendrick, 1626-1699.Contributors: “...Doncker, Hendrick, 1626-1699. Zee-atlas ofte water-waereld....”
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453by Vecchi, Gabriel A., Landsea, Christopher, Zhang, Wei, Villarini, Gabriele, Knutson, ThomasContributors: “...USACE Institute for Water Resources...”
Published in Nature Communications (2021)
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454by Doncker, Hendrick, 1626-1699.Contributors: “...Doncker, Hendrick, 1626-1699. Zee-atlas ofte water-waereld....”
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455by Hube, Selina, Lee, Seonki, Chong, Tzyy Haur, Brynjólfsson, Sigurður, Wu, BingContributors: “...Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute...”
Published in Science of The Total Environment (2022)
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456by Hube, Selina, Wang, Jingwei, Sim, Lee Nuang, Chong, Tzyy Haur, Wu, BingContributors: “...Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute...”
Published in Separation and Purification Technology (2021)
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457by Hube, Selina, Wang, Jingwei, Sim, Lee Nuang, Ólafsdóttir, Dagmar, Chong, Tzyy Haur, Wu, BingContributors: “...Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute...”
Published in Journal of Water Process Engineering (2021)
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458by Mandal, Sourav, Law, Adrian Wing-Keung, Shen, Hayley H.Contributors: “...Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute...”
Published in Cold Regions Science and Technology (2018)
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459by Doncker, Hendrick, 1626-1699.Contributors: “...Doncker, Hendrick, 1626-1699. Zee-atlas ofte water-waereld....”
Published 1659
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460by Doncker, Hendrick, 1626-1699.Contributors: “...Doncker, Hendrick, 1626-1699. Zee-atlas ofte water-waereld....”
Published 1659
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