Water
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Water is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . It is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance. It is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms (in which it acts as a solvent). It is vital for all known forms of life, despite not providing food energy or organic micronutrients. Its chemical formula, , indicates that each of its molecules contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms, connected by covalent bonds. The hydrogen atoms are attached to the oxygen atom at an angle of 104.45°. In liquid form, is also called "water" at standard temperature and pressure.
Because Earth's environment is relatively close to water's triple point, water exists on Earth as a solid, a liquid, and a gas. It forms precipitation in the form of rain and aerosols in the form of fog. Clouds consist of suspended droplets of water and ice, its solid state. When finely divided, crystalline ice may precipitate in the form of snow. The gaseous state of water is steam or water vapor.
Water covers about 71% of the Earth's surface, with seas and oceans making up most of the water volume (about 96.5%). Small portions of water occur as groundwater (1.7%), in the glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland (1.7%), and in the air as vapor, clouds (consisting of ice and liquid water suspended in air), and precipitation (0.001%). Water moves continually through the water cycle of evaporation, transpiration (evapotranspiration), condensation, precipitation, and runoff, usually reaching the sea.
Water plays an important role in the world economy. Approximately 70% of the fresh water used by humans goes to agriculture. Fishing in salt and fresh water bodies has been, and continues to be, a major source of food for many parts of the world, providing 6.5% of global protein. Much of the long-distance trade of commodities (such as oil, natural gas, and manufactured products) is transported by boats through seas, rivers, lakes, and canals. Large quantities of water, ice, and steam are used for cooling and heating in industry and homes. Water is an excellent solvent for a wide variety of substances, both mineral and organic; as such, it is widely used in industrial processes and in cooking and washing. Water, ice, and snow are also central to many sports and other forms of entertainment, such as swimming, pleasure boating, boat racing, surfing, sport fishing, diving, ice skating, snowboarding, and skiing.
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390by Vidal-Dorsch, Doris E., Bay, Steven M., Ribecco, Cataldo, Sprague, L. James, Angert, Mila, Ludka, Colleen, Ricciardelli, Eugenia, Carnevali, Oliana, Greenstein, Darrin J., Schlenk, Daniel, Kelley, Kevin M., Reyes, Jesus A., Snyder, Shane, Vanderford, Brett, Wiborg, Lan C., Petschauer, Dawn, Sasik, Roman, Baker, Michael, Hardiman, GaryContributors: “...California State Water Resources Control Board...”
Published in Aquatic Toxicology (2013)
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391by Azaroff, Alyssa, Goñi Urriza, Marisol, Gassie, Claire, Monperrus, Mathilde, Guyoneaud, RémyContributors: “...Adour Garonne Water Agency...”
Published in Environmental Pollution (2020)
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392by Molenaar, Erik J.Contributors: “...Parel Water en duurzaamheid / UCWOSL...”
Published 2024
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393by Nihashi, Sohey, Ohshima, Kay I., Tamura, TakeshiContributors: “...Global Change Observation Mission-Water 1...”
Published in IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing (2017)
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394by Pattyn, FrankContributors: “...International Symposium on Ice and Water Interactions (26-30 July 2004: Portland, USA)...”
Published 2004
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395by Gazeau, F., Sallon, A., Maugendre, L., Louis, J., Dellisanti, W., Gaubert, M., Lejeune, P., Gobert, S., Borges, A.V., Harlay, J., Champenois, W., Alliouane, S., Taillandier, V., Louis, F., Obolensky, G., Grisoni, J.-M., Guieu, C.Contributors: “...Rhone-Mediterranean and Corsica Water Agency...”
Published in Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science (2017)
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396by Torres, Leigh G., Rayment, Will, Olavarría, Carlos, Thompson, David R., Graham, Brittany, Baker, C. Scott, Patenaude, Nathalie, Bury, Sarah Jane, Boren, Laura, Parker, Graham, Carroll, Emma L.Contributors: “...National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Ltd. (NIWA)...”
Published in Polar Biology (2016)
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397by Huang, Yannan, Truelstrup Hansen, Lisbeth, Ragush, Colin M., Jamieson, Rob C.Contributors: “...Canadian Water Network...”
Published in Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2017)
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398by Pattyn, FrankContributors: “...International Symposium on Ice and Water Interactions (26-30 July 2004: Portland, USA)...”
Published 2004
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399by Ratelle, Mylene, Packull-McCormick, Sara, Bouchard, Michele, Majowicz, Shannon, Laird, BrianContributors: “...Global Water Futures...”
Published in Environmental Research (2020)
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