Water
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Water is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . It is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance. It is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms (in which it acts as a solvent). It is vital for all known forms of life, despite not providing food energy or organic micronutrients. Its chemical formula, , indicates that each of its molecules contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms, connected by covalent bonds. The hydrogen atoms are attached to the oxygen atom at an angle of 104.45°. In liquid form, is also called "water" at standard temperature and pressure.
Because Earth's environment is relatively close to water's triple point, water exists on Earth as a solid, a liquid, and a gas. It forms precipitation in the form of rain and aerosols in the form of fog. Clouds consist of suspended droplets of water and ice, its solid state. When finely divided, crystalline ice may precipitate in the form of snow. The gaseous state of water is steam or water vapor.
Water covers about 71% of the Earth's surface, with seas and oceans making up most of the water volume (about 96.5%). Small portions of water occur as groundwater (1.7%), in the glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland (1.7%), and in the air as vapor, clouds (consisting of ice and liquid water suspended in air), and precipitation (0.001%). Water moves continually through the water cycle of evaporation, transpiration (evapotranspiration), condensation, precipitation, and runoff, usually reaching the sea.
Water plays an important role in the world economy. Approximately 70% of the fresh water used by humans goes to agriculture. Fishing in salt and fresh water bodies has been, and continues to be, a major source of food for many parts of the world, providing 6.5% of global protein. Much of the long-distance trade of commodities (such as oil, natural gas, and manufactured products) is transported by boats through seas, rivers, lakes, and canals. Large quantities of water, ice, and steam are used for cooling and heating in industry and homes. Water is an excellent solvent for a wide variety of substances, both mineral and organic; as such, it is widely used in industrial processes and in cooking and washing. Water, ice, and snow are also central to many sports and other forms of entertainment, such as swimming, pleasure boating, boat racing, surfing, sport fishing, diving, ice skating, snowboarding, and skiing.
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181by Teitelbaum, Claire S., Casazza, Michael L., McDuie, Fiona, De La Cruz, Susan E. W., Overton, Cory T., Hall, Laurie A., Matchett, Elliott L., Ackerman, Joshua T., Sullivan, Jeffery D., Ramey, Andrew M., Prosser, Diann J.Contributors: “...Department of Water Resources...”
Published in Ecosphere (2023)
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182by Moslemi-Aqdam, Mehdi, Low, George, Low, Mike, Laird, Brian D., Branfireun, Brian A., Swanson, Heidi K.Contributors: “...Global Water Futures...”
Published in Environmental Research (2023)
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183Contributors: “...Global Water Futures...”
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184by Ndarana, Thando, Rammopo, Tsholanang S., Reason, Chris J.C., Bopape, Mary-Jane, Engelbrecht, Francois, Chikoore, HectorContributors: “...Water Research Commission...”
Published in Atmospheric Research (2022)
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185Contributors: “...Global Water Futures...”
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186by Ndarana, Thando, Mpati, Siyabonga, Bopape, Mary‐Jane, Engelbrecht, Francois, Chikoore, HectorContributors: “...Water Research Commission...”
Published in International Journal of Climatology (2020)
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187by Ming, Shanxiu, Li, Shuyi, Chen, Zhe, Chen, Xujun, Wang, Feifei, Deng, Shaonan, Marszałek, Krystian, Zhu, Zhenzhou, Zhang, Wenxiang, Barba, Francisco J.Contributors: “...Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Water Desalination and Reuse...”
Published in Antioxidants (2022)
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189by Lindholm, Markus, d’Auriac, Marc Anglès, Thaulow, Jens, Hobæk, AndersContributors: “...Norwegian Institute for Water Research...”
Published in Hydrobiologia (2016)
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193Contributors: “...Norwegian Institute for Water Research...”
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194by Järnegren, Johanna, Brooke, Sandra, Jensen, HenrikContributors: “...Norwegian Deep Water Program...”
Published in Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography (2017)
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195Contributors: “...National Institute of Water and Atmosphere...”
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197by Thomson, P. G., Davidson, A. T., Enden, R., Pearce, I., Seuront, L., Paterson, J. S., Williams, G. D.Contributors: “...Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts...”
Published 2010
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198by Voermans, J. J., Babanin, A. V., Thomson, J., Smith, M. M., Shen, Hayley H.Contributors: “...Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute...”
Published in Geophysical Research Letters (2019)
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199by Thomson, J., Voermans, J. J., Babanin, A. V., Smith, M. M., Shen, Hayley H.Contributors: “...Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute...”
Published in Geophysical Research Letters (2019)
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200Contributors: “...USDOE Office of Wind and Water Program...”
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