Francia
![Clovis](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Clotilde_partageant_le_royaume_entre_ses_fils.jpg)
Originally, the core Frankish territories inside the former Western Roman Empire were close to the Rhine and Meuse rivers in the north, before Frankish rulers such as Chlodio and Childeric I expanded their rule into what is now northern France. Clovis I, the son of Childeric, unified all Franks after conquering Soissons in 486 and Aquitaine in 507. He founded the Merovingian dynasty, which was eventually replaced by the Carolingian dynasty. Under the nearly continuous campaigns of Pepin of Herstal, Charles Martel, Pepin the Short, Charlemagne, and Louis the Pious—father, son, grandson, great-grandson and great-great-grandson—the greatest expansion of the Frankish empire was secured by the early 9th century, and is by this point referred to as the Carolingian Empire.
During the reign of the Merovingian and Carolingian dynasties, the Frankish realm was one large polity, generally subdivided into several smaller kingdoms ruled by different members of the ruling dynasties. Whilst these kingdoms coordinated, they also regularly came into conflict with one another. The old Frankish lands, for example, were initially contained within the kingdom of Austrasia, centred on the Rhine and Meuse, roughly corresponding to later Lower Lotharingia. The Gallo-Roman territory to its south and west was called Neustria. The exact borders and number of these subkingdoms varied over time, until a basic split between eastern and western domains became persistent. After various treaties and conflicts in the late-9th and early-10th centuries, West Francia came under control of the Capetian dynasty, becoming the Kingdom of France, while East Francia and Lotharingia came under the control of the non-Frankish Ottonian dynasty, becoming the Kingdom of Germany, which would conquer Burgundy and Italy to then form the medieval Holy Roman Empire. Competing French and German nationalisms in later centuries would claim succession from Charlemagne and the original kingdom, but nowadays both have become seen by many as Pan-European symbols. Provided by Wikipedia
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21by M. Regi, M. Marzocchetti, P. Francia, M. De LauretisGet access
Published in Earth, Planets and Space (2017)
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22by M. Regi, M. Marzocchetti, P. Francia, M. De LauretisGet access
Published in Earth, Planets and Space (2017)
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23Contributors: “...Francia, P.; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università dell'Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy...”
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26by Villante, U., Francia, P., Vellante, M., Lauretis, M. DeGet access
Published in Advances in Space Research (2009)
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29by Francia, P., Lauretis, M., Vellante, M., Villante, U., Piancatelli, A.Get access
Published in Annales Geophysicae (2009)
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30by Francia, P., Lauretis, M., Vellante, M., Villante, U., Piancatelli, A.Get access
Published in Annales Geophysicae (2010)
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31Contributors: “...Francia, P.; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università dell'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy...”
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32by Massimo Vellante, Andrea Piancatelli, Patrizia Francia, Marcello De Lauretis, Umberto VillanteGet access
Published in Annals of Geophysics (2009)
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33by Francia, P., De Lauretis, M., Vellante, M., Villante, U., Piancatelli, A.Get access
Published in Annales Geophysicae (2009)
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34by Francia, P., De Lauretis, M., Vellante, M., Villante, U., Piancatelli, A.Get access
Published in Annales Geophysicae (2010)
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37by P. Francia, M. De Lauretis, M. Vellante, U. Villante, A. PiancatelliGet access
Published in Annales Geophysicae (2010)
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38by M. Regi, M. De Lauretis, P. Francia, S. Lepidi, A. Piancatelli, S. UrbiniGet access
Published in Annales Geophysicae (2018)
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40by De Lauretis, M., Francia, P., Regi, Mauro, Villante, U., Piancatelli, A.Get access
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics (2010)
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